1. Lisa Randall Preskill 60 th March 16 2013 Preskill 60 th March 16 2013

2. Introduction Honored to be here Great admiration for John But finding suitable talk topic challenging John’s expertise: QCD, Solitons, Black Holes, Quantum Computing,… QCD, Solitons, Black Holes, Quantum Computing,… My topics: Flavor, Precision EW, Baryogenesis, Dark Matter, GUTs, LHC tools, Supersymmetry, Warped Extra Dimension,… Clearly there is a problem (for me) (for me)

3. @preskill John Preskill ‏@preskill John Preskill ‏@preskill Higgs boson would enter 48-year ultra- marathon. Starts in hinterland in '64, ends in the stadium in '12 before adoring throngs. #higgsgold #higgsgold#higgsgold

4. @preskill John Preskill ‏@preskill John Preskill ‏@preskill Ran out of shaving cream last weekend, but used the dribble I could shake out of the can for eight days. #hanukkahmiracle #gillettenightmare #hanukkahmiracle #gillettenightmare#hanukkahmiracle #gillettenightmare

5. @preskill Lisa Randall ‏@lirarandall Lisa Randall ‏@lirarandall "Higgs Discovery" in itunes store too. Should be for all ereaders. If you like it tweet! Im curious if this new format works. 25 Jul25 Jul John Preskill ‏@preskill John Preskill ‏@preskill 25 JulJohn Preskill ‏@preskill @lirarandall@lirarandall iBooks version looks fine; Kindle edition produced download error on my iPad. Bought both, so send me a check. @lirarandall

6. @preskill 25 Jul25 Jul Lisa Randall ‏@lirarandall Lisa Randall ‏@lirarandall 25 JulLisa Randall ‏@lirarandall @preskill@preskill Thanks for clarifying. Hope you enjoy but u won't learn much for either price--except about my vacation! @preskill Expand 25 Jul25 Jul John Preskill ‏@preskill John Preskill ‏@preskill 25 JulJohn Preskill ‏@preskill @lirarandall@lirarandall Thanks, I was looking for good vacation ideas. I'm off to Greece... @lirarandall

7. @preskill John Preskill ‏@preskill John Preskill ‏@preskill Heilemann's wrong --- we introverts really do like people. Honest, we do. Is that why we tweet? http://andrewsullivan.thedailybeast.com/20 12/09/electing-an-introvert.html … http://andrewsullivan.thedailybeast.com/20 12/09/electing-an-introvert.html … http://andrewsullivan.thedailybeast.com/20 12/09/electing-an-introvert.html …

8. Back to problem at hand Complementarity John’s work and mine only have finite overlap Axions Axions Neutrino flavor symmetry: who knew? Neutrino flavor symmetry: who knew?

9. Duality to Rescue Duality to Rescue Warped extra dimension (Poincare patch of d+1-dim AdS) related: To conformal theory on boundary (related to d-dim QCD) Field theory point of common interest too So I’ll talk about duality of effective field theories: consistency check for more recent applications (w/Fitzpatrick, Kaplan, Katz)

10. Effective Field Theory Much of current modern physics understanding based on the notion of an effective field theory Universal predictions about long-distances Universal predictions about long-distances Decouple short-distance details Decouple short-distance details AdS/CFT and warped 5d AdS (RS) provide a different context AdS/CMT, AdS/QCD leads to EFT in new regime

11. AdS/QCD Ehrlich, Katz, Son, Stephanov AdS/CFT thought of as a way to study QCD However, formulation starts with strong coupling in UV and no asymptotic freedom However, formulation starts with strong coupling in UV and no asymptotic freedom Nonetheless good laboratory for confinement and chiral symmetry breaking Nonetheless good laboratory for confinement and chiral symmetry breaking And can try to deform SQFT to give QCD And can try to deform SQFT to give QCD Alternative: start with QCD and construct dual AdS Choose field content to holographically reproduce chiral symmetry breaking Choose field content to holographically reproduce chiral symmetry breaking Neglect running of coupling, stringy physics, higher spin Neglect running of coupling, stringy physics, higher spin Don’t include infinitely many operators (4d), fields (5d) Don’t include infinitely many operators (4d), fields (5d) Just include ones corresponding to currents and order parameter Just include ones corresponding to currents and order parameter

12. QCD Nonperturbative nature of QCD truly problematic And interesting Exact solutions (2d QCD) sometimes give insights Solitonic solutions (monopoles) give insights So does AdS/CFT in some cases But necessary requirement is validity of EFT

13. More generally Many physical contexts where one wants to include only finite number of bulk fields Finite number of CFT operators Duality in this case requires cutoff not just on energy, but on dimension of operators in CFT

14. Duality and CFT Duality connects mass to dimension in CFT Does this different notion of effective field theory apply? Answer: yes but decoupling works differently and can be even more efficient and can be even more efficient

15. Goal of Work Show how decoupling occurs in this different context Requires conventional decoupling And decoupling of higher dimenision operators Sometimes latter occur exponentially Justifying use of EFT even when only a small gap

16. Relevant geometry AdS space with boundary branes

17. AdS in bulk AdS in bulk Broken CFT on brane Broken CFT on brane “Hard wall” “Hard wall” Gives boundary conditions Gives boundary conditions And characterizes IR breaking of CFT And characterizes IR breaking of CFT RS: Warped extra- dimensional geometry

18. Holographic Interpretation From 5d vantage point, AdS with boundary branes From 4d vantage point, CFT with UV and IR cutoffs UV cutoff provides normalizable graviton UV cutoff provides normalizable graviton IR cutoff breaks CFT IR cutoff breaks CFT Weak scale “mesons”, “baryons”: CFT bound states Weak scale “mesons”, “baryons”: CFT bound states Here we are only interested in IR symmetry breaking—no UV brane

19. Broken CFT: Two point function of ops with different dimensions doesn’t generally vanish Will demonstrate exponential decouping in some cases: Consider high and low dim ops Will find

20. Physics Applications Physics applications often based in low- energy effective theories When the 4d theory is dual to AdS on the Poincare patch, duality not entirely obvious

21. Hard Wall vs Soft Wall Original RS model had a hard wall Boundary conditions on a brane Boundary conditions on a brane Follow-up theories based on soft walls Solutions to the equations of motion where fields get localized away from IR Solutions to the equations of motion where fields get localized away from IR We will explore what types of soft walls are possible And show how decoupling occurs in both hard and soft wall cases

22. Essential for many of these theories is a valid EFT Generally, EFT follows from integrating out heavy/high momentum states In this case duality with the higher- dimensional theory means that higher- dimensional operators should decouple from the light states We will find first notion applies with hard walls, second with soft walls

23. Set-up Poincare patch of AdS AdS slice ends at brane in IR z IR Dual vantage point, brane is source of conformal symmetry breaking Most DOF are bulk fields in AdS that correspond to CFT ops filling out irreducible reps of conformal group in absence of CF symmetry breaking Have bulk and brane action

24. Hard Wall We’ll first consider original hard wall scenario Abrupt end at z IR corresponds to hard-wall model Abrupt end at z IR corresponds to hard-wall model d+1-dim RS compatible with d-dim EFT of low- mass “mesons” and “glueballs” d+1-dim RS compatible with d-dim EFT of low- mass “mesons” and “glueballs”

25. Hard Wall Many familiar features Bound states (composites) Discrete spectrum Chiral symmetry (or tuning) necessary for massless modes Here standard decoupling will apply Large mass M d+1 states dual to high-d CFT ops Large mass M d+1 states dual to high-d CFT ops In this case reate states with d-dim mass In this case reate states with d-dim mass m d ~M d+1 m d ~M d+1

26. Scalars with hard wall boundary m 0 ~ Δ: conventional decoupling m 0 ~ Δ: conventional decoupling Can see from eq of motion—looks like a potential: pushes wf against z IR with “energy”

27. Scalar Hard Wall Decoupling In some sense trivial No light states without tuning Low-lying states have masses proportional to dimension of bulk operator Decoupling conventional

28. Fermion Hard Wall Decouping Similar, but can be more interesting You can have fewer light states in 4d theory than light states in bulk Due to chiral symmetries Due to chiral symmetries But you can still see decoupling of heavy states when number of 4d zero modes less than number of light modes, as you take light modes heavy

29. Decoupling of heavier bulk modes Can have zero modes even for heavy states in presence of chiral symmetry Consider when number of zero modes less than number of light modes see modes decouple from light modes as you increase their mass see modes decouple from light modes as you increase their mass Effectively overlap shrinks with mass

30. Fermions Lift bulk masses of fermions that originally had large overlap with massless 4d modes Conformal sym breaking mixes bulk fields, so generally massless mode has overlap with all light bulk fermions

31. Decoupling heavy bulk fermions from zero modes Do simple example with only two bulk modes

32. Zero modes No mixing: massless zero mode sits in state with mass M 2 However when nonzero mixing, zero mode will sit in state with mass M 1 as M 2 taken to infinity

33. Soft walls This feature of wavefunction overlap being relevant persists in soft wall scenarios Works differently though States localized at different locations in the bulk States localized at different locations in the bulk But before proceeding, interesting to study possible nature of soft walls

34. Now consider soft walls Asympotically UV AdS IR breaking at single scale But soft wall—space doesn’t suddenly end Assume a dilaton field w/ profile For example, running coupling corresonds to bulk field with space-dependent profile that breaks AdS isometries to Poincare group in IR In any case often present in top-down or bottom-up models Bulk fields X dual to CFT ops O Standard EFT Lagrangian, expansion in cutoff Find C(z) and Φ(Z) satisfying null energy condition

35. Scalar WF in Soft-Wall Models and Null Energy Condition

36. Scalar “Potential” Solve Schrodinger eigensystem to get masses and bulk wavefunctions Dynamics controlled by balance between AdS term M 2 /(kz) 2 in small z region and remaining soft wall potential

37. Constraints on metric Potential function of metric, dilaton But constraints on metric from NEC Einstein tensor and constraint: Non- increasing

38. Either a new CFT or a Wall That Ends Space To avoid large (definite) curvature, F can’t decrease below some definite value Since F non-increasing, must asymptote to greatest lower bound The only such solution where F=-C 2 /C’ is C(z)->F infty /z Asymptotically AdS in IR as well as UV Otherwise “hard wall” Or “effective soft wall”

39. Effective Soft Walls Curvature singularities imply bulk spacetime ends Regions beyond boundary encapsulated in boundary conditions Regions beyond boundary encapsulated in boundary conditions Extra compact dimensions, brane,… Extra compact dimensions, brane,… But can have “effective soft-wall” models If potential rises sharply enough at singularity, lowl- ying modes would have to tunnel through barrier so act as if in soft wall If potential rises sharply enough at singularity, lowl- ying modes would have to tunnel through barrier so act as if in soft wall Effective soft wall requires small UV curvature G z z has to grow before reaching singularity Schrodinger potential then can become large at singularity and push light KK modes away

40. Example Potential blows up power law smaller than curvature So small k compared to cutoff allows for light modes to be pushed away from curvature singularity

41. Example: Solvable Linear Spectrum Squared masses are linear in n and dimension Δ Follows from particular metric (AdS) and dilaton profile This illustrates competing terms in potential Leading to localization at larger z for larger M

42. Soft Wall Decoupling Argument for exponential decoupling Focus on bulk zero modes V(z) with 0(1) coeffcients; mesons with Δ~1 are localized near z*~1 Approximate as Δ 2 Δ-dependence from AdS part of metric When V(z) does not depend strongly on Δ find Δ-dependent z Δ If V(z) had strong Δ-dependence, would have traditional decoupling

43. Suppressed WF Overlaps Zero mode wavefunctions centered at Approximate wavefunctions as harmonics Then wf overlap between state corresponding to heavy mode and one corresponding to light mode is

44. Max Overlap Hard wall: Soft wall: Exponent grows with Mass growing generic consequence of: if

45. Linear Potentials Exact result: Find Gives wf overlap Correct exponential suppression

46. Decoupling much more interesting Soft wall decoupling can be exponential Due to small wavefunction overlap Justifies keeping only low-lying states and operators

47. Aside: Comment on Meson Sizes Note that overlap not small due to conventional association of position and size Look at form factor: eg scalar probe Transverse scalar charge distribution

48. Sizes Already known with this measure, mesons in hard-wall models have same size Soft-wall models with linear spectrum We know grows with dimension, n We know grows with dimension, n Not true however for size Not true however for size

49. Sizes Mesons grow only logarithmically w/ Seems robust result So mesons—even separated in bulk— have similar sizes Not responsible for decoupling Not responsible for decoupling Also, though soft-wall bulk EFTs can produce Regge spectrum Doesn’t give confining string picture for growth of states Doesn’t give confining string picture for growth of states

50. Discussion CFTs can have two distinct EFT descriptions “D-dim” EFT standard Wilsonian Integrate out momentum shells along RG flow Integrate out momentum shells along RG flow Second notion from AdS/CFT duality Integrate out states based on scaling dimension or conformal Casimir Integrate out states based on scaling dimension or conformal Casimir Scaling dims dual to bulk masses, std EFT on d+1-dim side Scaling dims dual to bulk masses, std EFT on d+1-dim side

51. Discussion A priori, only loosely related A priori, only loosely related When CFT preserved, spectral decomposition of arbitarily massive field has a continuum of light states down to zero mass After CFT breaking d-dim modes have a discrete spectrum CFT ops of different dimensions mix Can then ask if and how quickly high dim ops decouple from lowest-mass sates

52. Conclusion Studied CFT breaking and consequences for KK modes of heavy bulk fields Aside from tuned scenarios, two constructions closely related Heavy bulk fields decouple from physics of lightest d-dimensional resonances High-dim ops in broken CFT decouple from physics of low-mass particles Applies to many systems based on UV CFT broken in IR EFTs with light resonances, low-d ops (small conformal Casimir)

53. Here we’ve seen a bit about the strong decoupling of higher-dimension operators Would be nice to also have a direct 4d derivation in a broken CFT

54. @lirarandall @preskill Impressive show from family and friends. Continue to enjoy your birthday. And continue the wisdom.