1. AP GOVERNMENT Chapter 10 The Media

2. HISTORY of the MEDIA In the early years, news traveled slowly In the early years, news traveled slowly Newspapers were politically sponsored Newspapers were politically sponsored “Managed news” “Managed news” Is that democratic? Is that democratic?

3. The high-speed rotary press and telegraph led to mass-readership The high-speed rotary press and telegraph led to mass-readership Associated Press (AP) was established in 1848 Associated Press (AP) was established in 1848 Urbanization in the mid 1800’s helped the growth of newspapers Urbanization in the mid 1800’s helped the growth of newspapers

4. Yellow Journalism Yellow Journalism Sensationalistic, irresponsible news reporting Sensationalistic, irresponsible news reporting Spanish-American War Spanish-American War http://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/_journalism.html http://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/_journalism.html http://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/_journalism.html EX. National Enquirer, The Star EX. National Enquirer, The Star

5. ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNAL Nov 2, 1920 – Presidential race b/t Harding and Cox was transmitted Nov 2, 1920 – Presidential race b/t Harding and Cox was transmitted Nov 15, 1926 – NBC premiered Nov 15, 1926 – NBC premiered 1952 National Convention coverage helped Eisenhower 1952 National Convention coverage helped Eisenhower

6. MEDIA FUNCTIONS 1. Entertainment 2. Reporting the News 3. Identify Public Problems 1. Examples? 4. Socializing New Generations 5. Providing a Public Forum 6. Making Profits

7. Mass Media Newspapers, magazines, radio, television, films, recordings, books, and electronic communications Newspapers, magazines, radio, television, films, recordings, books, and electronic communications News Media -the part of mass media that reaches the news News Media -the part of mass media that reaches the news Ex. 60 Minutes, Larry King, Crossfire, 20/20 Ex. 60 Minutes, Larry King, Crossfire, 20/20

8. Television Average person watches 4.3 hours a day – most influential Average person watches 4.3 hours a day – most influential Relies on pictures to entertain viewers Relies on pictures to entertain viewers Everyone uses tv to their advantage Everyone uses tv to their advantage Issue Ads by Interest groups Issue Ads by Interest groups Around-the-clock news (CNN, Fox) Around-the-clock news (CNN, Fox)

9. Narrowcasting – broadcasting to a small sector of the population Narrowcasting – broadcasting to a small sector of the population Different cable channels – C- SPAN Different cable channels – C- SPAN Network TV’s share of viewership has declined to about 55% Network TV’s share of viewership has declined to about 55%

10. Three types of TV coverage: 1. Advertising ($$$) 2. Management of news 3. Campaign debates *why are news management and debates good types of TV coverage?

11. Any ad remembered by the public WORKS!

12. Radio Continues to reach more households than tv Continues to reach more households than tv Talk radio Talk radio Satellite radio picking up listeners Satellite radio picking up listeners ADVANTAGE is nation-wide ADVANTAGE is nation-wide

13. Newspapers Declining but still reach about 56 million Americans Declining but still reach about 56 million Americans Different papers “specialize” while others deal with “general interests” Different papers “specialize” while others deal with “general interests” #1 paper by popularity? By circulation? #1 paper by popularity? By circulation? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_States_by_circulation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_States_by_circulation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_States_by_circulation

14. World Wide Web Fastest growing source Fastest growing source Over 1 billion documents on the web Over 1 billion documents on the web Who monitors its’ accuracy and content? Who monitors its’ accuracy and content?

15. Changing Role of News In the beginning, news sources did not last long …why? In the beginning, news sources did not last long …why? They became political mouthpieces They became political mouthpieces Jacksonian Era - press shifts from elite readers to large masses. What was the effect? Jacksonian Era - press shifts from elite readers to large masses. What was the effect? 1900’s—news sources should be objective. Is it? 1900’s—news sources should be objective. Is it?

16. Media allowed politics to reach more Americans Media allowed politics to reach more Americans Fireside chats with FDR Fireside chats with FDR Debates (Kennedy v. Nixon) Debates (Kennedy v. Nixon) 24-hour news coverage 24-hour news coverage Source of investigation (The Pentagon Papers, Watergate) Source of investigation (The Pentagon Papers, Watergate) Fairness Doctrine (FCC)…no longer in place. Good or Bad? Fairness Doctrine (FCC)…no longer in place. Good or Bad?

17. Factors that Limit Media Influence Political socialization (family, peers…) allows us to “filter” news Political socialization (family, peers…) allows us to “filter” news Selective attention - filter…see what we want and disregard the rest Selective attention - filter…see what we want and disregard the rest Selective perception - filter…agree with what we want and refute the rest Selective perception - filter…agree with what we want and refute the rest Recall and comprehension - importance vs. catchy? Recall and comprehension - importance vs. catchy?

18. National Press: 3 ROLES Gatekeeper – press calls attention to certain issues, the media sets the subjects that politicians must address Gatekeeper – press calls attention to certain issues, the media sets the subjects that politicians must address Scorekeeper – keeps track of/creates reputation for presidential candidates (election coverage = horse race) Scorekeeper – keeps track of/creates reputation for presidential candidates (election coverage = horse race) Watchdog – to investigate candidates/political officials Watchdog – to investigate candidates/political officials

19. Image Making Media creates a politican’s image Media creates a politican’s image Can be good or bad Can be good or bad Examples? Examples?

20. Government Regulation Newspaper – virtually no regulation Newspaper – virtually no regulation Radio and TV – must have license and adhere to regulations Radio and TV – must have license and adhere to regulations No “prior restraints” (Pentagon Papers) No “prior restraints” (Pentagon Papers) Lawsuits if material is libelous or obscene Lawsuits if material is libelous or obscene

21. Radio & TV Regulations Equal Time Rule – station must be willing to sell equal time to all candidates Equal Time Rule – station must be willing to sell equal time to all candidates Right-of-Reply Rule – If a person is attacked on air, then person has a right to reply Right-of-Reply Rule – If a person is attacked on air, then person has a right to reply Political Editorializing Rule – If a broadcaster endorses a candidate, then the other candidate has the right to reply Political Editorializing Rule – If a broadcaster endorses a candidate, then the other candidate has the right to reply

22. Confidentiality of Sources Supreme Court upheld the right of the govt to compel reporters to divulge information in criminal investigations Supreme Court upheld the right of the govt to compel reporters to divulge information in criminal investigations

23. Types of Stories Routine Stories – public events covered by media (pres takes a trip) Routine Stories – public events covered by media (pres takes a trip) Feature Stories – public events that are not usually covered but found newsworthy for some reason (controversial court ruling) Feature Stories – public events that are not usually covered but found newsworthy for some reason (controversial court ruling) Insider Stories – not public information (investigative reporting) Insider Stories – not public information (investigative reporting)

24. Adversarial Press Suspicious of govt and looks to find corruption, dishonesty, &/or illegal activities Suspicious of govt and looks to find corruption, dishonesty, &/or illegal activities Is it caused by a mistrust of govt? Is it caused by a mistrust of govt? People do not like this type of press so why does it prevail? People do not like this type of press so why does it prevail? Growing # of people distrust the media Growing # of people distrust the media Side effect – negative advertising Side effect – negative advertising