1. The Frog-Boiling Attack: Limitations of Secure Network Coordinate Systems Adil Ahmad

2. Outlines What is a Network Coordinate System Possible uses of a network coordinate system What is a frog-boiling attack The challenge Network Coordinate systems Performance Metrics Counter-measures Targeted attack and attack variants Potential Solutions Conclusion

3. What is a Network Coordinate System? A network coordinate system is used in the assigning of virtual nodes in given network (Chan-Tin, et al (2011) The coordinates are noted to allow for the efficient estimation of the latency that exist between any two pair of nodes within a given network

4. Possible uses of a network coordinate system There are several possible uses of network coordinate systems. Some of which include: Choosing of peers to download from in a given file sharing network as noted by Ng and Zhang (2001) Choosing of peers for DHT routing (Dabek et al.,2004). Finding the closest node in a given content-distribution network as noted by Vuze (2010). State reduction in routers (Gummadi et al., 2004). Detection of Sybil attackers (Douceur,2002). Performing of leader election as noted by (Cowling et al., 2009) and Matchmaking in online gaming (Agarwal and Lorch,2009)

5. What is a frog-boiling attack? The "frog-boiling" attack is named after a theory that a frog placed in cold water will not jump out of the water as the temperature is slowly raised. Eventually, the frog will be boiled to death without noticing the temperature change, because it is so gradual. In theory, the same general rule can be applied to the network coordinate system. If a change is gradual enough so as to go undetected by the failsafes in place to catch attacks and malfunctions, the entire system can be attacked, taken over, or badly damaged because the change was so slow so as not to be noticed until it is too late. Chan-Tin, et al (2011) noticed that this could be done on all network coordinate systems with three different types of attacks. Even with other filters in place to prevent the danger, nothing could be done to stop the slow, gradual attacks

6. The challenge The main challenge in the process of designing a secure network coordinate system is the design of a system that is based on the act of rejecting all the “bad” inputs that do not show signs of conformity.

7. Network Coordinate systems There are several network coordinate systems in the market. They include the following; Vivaldi.: This is a decentralized network coordinate system that is used in the provision of fact convergence as well as resilience to a dynamic (ever changing) network conditions like a P2P Network or a churn (Dabek et al.,2004). Pyxida.: This system implements a coordinate system in a virtual space. It is employed commercially as well as in academia in the tracking of the coordinated of PlanetLab nodes(Pyxida,2009, Bavier et al. 2004) as well as in BitTorrent and Vuze. It is however designed to operate on a P2P network via the implementation of the Vivaldi algorithm.

8. Performance Metrics The performance metrics used in the evaluation of the boiling frog attack includes the following; Error- The median relative error is evaluated as follows; Where RTTactual is the actual RTT value between two nodes and the RTTestimated is the RTT that is obtained by taking the difference in the coordinates of the two nodes. RRL. -Relative Rank Loss: False positive rate Intercluster/intracluster ratio

9. Counter-measures There are several countermeasure schemes that can be deployed without much success against frog-boiling attacks. They include the following; Mahalanobis Distance- uses a statistical method to determine the acceptability of a coordinate Kalman Filter.- also uses uses a statistical method to determine the acceptability of a coordinate Veracity- uses a distributed reputation system to determine the acceptability of a coordinate Rvivaldi-This is a reputation system that assigns weighted trust to peers and utilizes the trust metric to accept coordinate updates from these peers

10. Targeted attack and attack variants How the targeted attack works ; The attacker makes an attempt to move some victim nodes to certain arbitrary network coordinates. These nodes are flagged by the three secure mechanisms as anomalous,outliers or misbehaving and thus avoid accepting their updates. Moving a victim node to an arbitrary location with a single update would typically require a force of sufficient magnitude to trigger an outlier filter. In order to avoid this, the victim node will be moved to a target location in small steps. The rest of the network will still accept updates from that victim node if the move is small. Thus, the rest of the network will also be pulled to that location by the victim node. However, since the victim nodes consist of a small portion of the network (less than 5%), the rest of the network will get pulled back together, further from the victim nodes at every update. See diagram below.

11. Potential Solutions outfit the coordinate system with something that will detect anomalies instead of let the system is only looking for changes in coordinates that fall outside the accepted margin for error, nodes in the networks should have to trust at least some of their peers at some time, by accepting updates on coordinates. The updates have to be similar to other updates, but they do not have to be exact. They must only fall within certain parameters The absence of any requirements made ​​it very easy to make small changes over time such as the frog-boiling attack, to discover, to take a serious problem. By that time, had infiltrated all that has been specifically designed to attack the network is already done and caused damage that are not easy to repair. So the system must be in the process of update and development to address attacks such as the frog-boiling attack, and is considered in order to identify security measures that will not be vulnerable to these types of problems.

12. Conclusion A stable and decentralized network coordinate system could potentially provide a number of beneficial service for various Internet applications. Early systems however, provide no protection against malicious participants. This is because even a single adversary can cause the entire coordinate system to fail. It is noted that one apparent solution to such a dilemma is to include an anomaly detection mechanism to the coordinate system.

13. Contd. The protection against more complicated adversaries is marked with difficulty. Network conditions on the Internet are very dynamic and the network coordinates and errors change over time. Due to this, it becomes a challenge for a node to know whether a reported coordinate as well as RTT is valid or faked. Therefore, a secure network coordinate system will have to provide certain mechanisms for verifying a node’s reported coordinates as well as RTTs. The success of the frog-boiling attack therefore effectively demonstrates that the outlier or anomaly detection system not a secure mechanism to provide this kind of service

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