1. Slide 1 Delta Water Quality: Implications for Utility Compliance with the Safe Drinking Water Act Edward G. Means III Sr. Vice President McGuire Environmental Consultants, Inc. (For Contra Costa Water District)

2. Slide 2 Delta Source Water Quality 1.Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) are a greater public health issue than in 1991. Additional DBPs likely to be regulated in future and DBP regulations will become more stringent. 2.Will be more difficult and expensive to comply with drinking water regulations. 3.There is an even greater need for improved source water in the Delta – Need a multi-barrier approach, consistent with CALFED drinking water goal. Primary Findings...

3. Slide 3 Delta Water Treatment Plant Distribution system Treated Water Reservoir Source Water Quality Affects Drinking Water Quality and Public Health Bromide from seawater intrusion & TOC from Ag/natural sources

4. Slide 4 Utilities Must Disinfect Water To Protect Public Health Typical Water Treatment Treatment System System Chemical Addition Raw Water Coagulation/Flocculation Sedimentation Filtration Disinfection Advanced Treatment (Ozone, Membranes, UV, GAC, Chlorine Dioxide) Treated Water Secondary Disinfection for Residuals

5. Slide 5 How Disinfection By-products Are Formed Precursors Bromide Bromide Organic Carbon Organic CarbonDisinfectants Ozone Ozone Chlorine Chlorine Chloramines Chloramines Chlorine Dioxide Chlorine DioxideByproducts Bromate Bromate Trihalomethanes Trihalomethanes Haloacetic Acids Haloacetic Acids Other DBPs Other DBPs += DBP precursors react with disinfectants to produce by- products of human health concern...

6. Slide 6 Urban Agencies Must Meet Drinking Water Regulations USEPA regulates drinking water under the federal Safe Drinking Water Act.USEPA regulates drinking water under the federal Safe Drinking Water Act. Source water quality is regulated under the federal Clean Water Act.Source water quality is regulated under the federal Clean Water Act. Cal. DoHS has primacy (i.e. regulates CA systems)Cal. DoHS has primacy (i.e. regulates CA systems)

7. Slide 7 DBPs and Health Effects Some DBPs are suspected human carcinogens (chronic exposure).Some DBPs are suspected human carcinogens (chronic exposure). Certain brominated DBPs suspected to cause birth defects (acute exposure)Certain brominated DBPs suspected to cause birth defects (acute exposure) Only a few of the hundreds of DBPs have been characterized with regard to health effects (e.g., only 8% of ozone DBPs)Only a few of the hundreds of DBPs have been characterized with regard to health effects (e.g., only 8% of ozone DBPs)

8. Slide 8 Utilities Must Balance Need to Disinfect with Need to Reduce DBP Formation Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule – requires disinfection Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule – requires disinfection Disinfectants/Disinfection By-Products Rule – places limits on TTHM, HAA5, & Bromate Disinfectants/Disinfection By-Products Rule – places limits on TTHM, HAA5, & Bromate DBP Health Effects Disinfection for pathogen control

9. Slide 9 DBP Formation Needs to Be Controlled Through a Combination of Efforts Source Water Treatment Plant Distribution System Change Disinfectant or Application Point Source Water Change or ManagementDistribution System System Modifications Modifications Precursor Removal Removal

10. Slide 10 Water Quality Variability is Problematic Delta water has higher levels of bromide than 90- 95% of all national drinking water sourcesDelta water has higher levels of bromide than 90- 95% of all national drinking water sources –Bromide in the Delta ranges from 0.1 - 0.5 mg/L –TOC in the Delta ranges from 3 - 7 mg/L High bromide & TOC in Delta water requires urban agencies to use complicated treatment processes to ensure compliance with safe drinking water act regulationsHigh bromide & TOC in Delta water requires urban agencies to use complicated treatment processes to ensure compliance with safe drinking water act regulations Treatment strategy used affects the types and concentrations of DBPs producedTreatment strategy used affects the types and concentrations of DBPs produced

11. Slide 11 Treatment Process Affects the Type and Concentration of DBPs Produced (2000 - 2004) Mills Treatment Plant - ozone 4 th quarter 2003. *Some missing data **Planned switch to ozone

12. Slide 12 Source Water Goals for Delta Water SWRCB 1991 Water Quality Control PlanSWRCB 1991 Water Quality Control Plan –Found that agencies should “strive to obtain bromide levels of 0.15 mg/L or less (about 50 mg/L chloride in the Delta).” CALFED Water Quality Goal (CALFED ROD)CALFED Water Quality Goal (CALFED ROD) –50 µg/L of bromide (equivalent to <20 mg/L chloride) –3.0 mg/L of TOC –Or Equivalent Level of Public Health Protection –Based on the 1998 CUWA expert panel recommendations

13. Slide 13 Delta Source Water Goals (continued) SWRCB 1995 Water Quality Control PlanSWRCB 1995 Water Quality Control Plan –250 mg/L chloride is about 850 µg/L bromide –150 mg/L chloride is about 520 µg/L bromide –Nowhere near CALFED’s 50 µg/L bromide goal SWRCB has not yet adopted water quality objectives for drinking water protectionSWRCB has not yet adopted water quality objectives for drinking water protection –e.g., disinfection byproduct precursors, or pathogens

14. Slide 14 Proposed Stage 2 DBP Rule Sets Locational Running Annual Average for Compliance Promulgation expected in Summer 2005Promulgation expected in Summer 2005 System-wide averaging will no longer be allowedSystem-wide averaging will no longer be allowed Creates less room for error in process control for for agencies treating Delta waterCreates less room for error in process control for for agencies treating Delta water Creates more compliance risk with prolonged source water quality swingsCreates more compliance risk with prolonged source water quality swings Regulation phases in through about 2011.Regulation phases in through about 2011.

15. Slide 15 Conclusions 1.Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) are a greater public health issue than in 1991. Additional DBPs likely to be regulated in future and DBP regulations will become more stringent. 2.Will be more difficult and expensive to comply with drinking water regulations. 3.Utilities cannot rely on treatment alone – need a multi- barrier approach, consistent with CALFED drinking water goal  50 ug/L bromide and 3 mg/L TOC or an equivalent level of public health protection.