1. 13: Wireless And Broadcast Harvard CSCI E-2a December 15, 2008

4. internet Broadcast radio And TV Books and newspapers source destination regulation ? ? ?

6. internet Broadcast radio and TV Books and newspapers source destination regulation ? ? ? Less regulation More regulation

8. April 15, 1912

9. RAlignment of RMilitary interests RCommercial interests RHuge public catalyzing event RResult is … RAlignment of RMilitary interests RCommercial interests RHuge public catalyzing event RResult is … Congress acts

10. When the world weeps together over a common loss.. why should not the nations clear the sea of its conflicting idioms and wisely regulate this new servant of humanity [radio]? Speech on US Senate floor, May 28, 1912 William Alden Smith

11. Radio Act of 1912 Rno one could broadcast without a license from the Secretary of Commerce Rpermissible frequencies were assigned by the Secretary of Commerce RMilitary Rgot excellent frequencies, especially the navy RCommercial shipping and other commercial use RAmateurs Rgot banned altogether from “useful” frequencies Rrelegated to what were called the "short wavelengths“ (above 1000KHz) which at that time considered technologically unusable Rno one could broadcast without a license from the Secretary of Commerce Rpermissible frequencies were assigned by the Secretary of Commerce RMilitary Rgot excellent frequencies, especially the navy RCommercial shipping and other commercial use RAmateurs Rgot banned altogether from “useful” frequencies Rrelegated to what were called the "short wavelengths“ (above 1000KHz) which at that time considered technologically unusable

12. Commercial (wireless telegraphy) Amateur (unusable) Military Herbert Hoover

14. This section [requiring licensing] does not give the head of that department [Commerce] discretionary power over the issue of licenses.. The license system proposed is substantially the same as that in use for the documenting upward of 25,000 merchant vessels. -- Report of House committee that recommended passage of the Radio Act of 1912 This section [requiring licensing] does not give the head of that department [Commerce] discretionary power over the issue of licenses.. The license system proposed is substantially the same as that in use for the documenting upward of 25,000 merchant vessels. -- Report of House committee that recommended passage of the Radio Act of 1912

15. Commercial (wireless telegraphy) Military Herbert Hoover

16. Broadcasting uses a “a great national asset,” i.e. the spectrum, So it is “of primary public interest to say who is to do the broadcasting, under what circumstances, and with what type of material.” Herbert Hoover, Speech to the First National Radio Conference, February 27, 1922 Herbert Hoover 1874-1964

17. United States v. Zenith Radio Corp. et al. 12 F.2d 614; 1926 The Secretary of Commerce is required to issue the license subject to the regulations in the [Radio Act of 1912]. The Congress has withheld from him the power to prescribe additional regulations. and quoting the Supreme Court: “When we consider the nature and the theory of our institutions of government, the principles upon which they are supposed to rest, and review the history of their development, we are constrained to conclude that they do not mean to leave room for the play and action of purely personal and arbitrary power.” The Secretary of Commerce is required to issue the license subject to the regulations in the [Radio Act of 1912]. The Congress has withheld from him the power to prescribe additional regulations. and quoting the Supreme Court: “When we consider the nature and the theory of our institutions of government, the principles upon which they are supposed to rest, and review the history of their development, we are constrained to conclude that they do not mean to leave room for the play and action of purely personal and arbitrary power.”

18. Radio Act of 1927 RThere would be no private ownership in the spectrum RSo from 1927 on, the spectrum was public property Rspectrum licensed by Federal Radio Commission: FRC Rstandard for licensing was public interest standard RSuccessor was the Communications Act of 1934. Combined regulation for wired and wireless. FRC became the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) RThere would be no private ownership in the spectrum RSo from 1927 on, the spectrum was public property Rspectrum licensed by Federal Radio Commission: FRC Rstandard for licensing was public interest standard RSuccessor was the Communications Act of 1934. Combined regulation for wired and wireless. FRC became the FCC (Federal Communications Commission)

19. Radio Act of 1927 SEC. 29. Nothing in this Act shall be understood or construed to give the licensing authority the power of censorship over the radio communications or signals transmitted by any radio station, and no regulation or condition shall be promulgated or fixed by the licensing authority which shall interfere with the right of free speech by means of radio communications. No person within the jurisdiction of the United States shall utter any obscene, indecent, or profane language by means of radio communications. SEC. 29. Nothing in this Act shall be understood or construed to give the licensing authority the power of censorship over the radio communications or signals transmitted by any radio station, and no regulation or condition shall be promulgated or fixed by the licensing authority which shall interfere with the right of free speech by means of radio communications. No person within the jurisdiction of the United States shall utter any obscene, indecent, or profane language by means of radio communications.

20. Amendment I RCongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

21. John Romulus Brinkley (1885-1941) The Goat Gland Surgeon Radio Station KFKB (Kansas First, Kansas Best)

22. KFKB Broadcasting Ass’n, Inc., v. Federal Radio Commission 60 App. D.C. 79; 47 F.2d 670;1931 RIt is apparent, we think, that the [broadcasting] business is impressed with a public interest and that, because the number of available broadcasting frequencies is limited, the commission is necessarily called upon to consider the character and quality of the service to be rendered.

23. National Broadcasting Co. v. U. S., 319 U.S. 190 (1943) … the radio spectrum simply is not large enough to accommodate everybody. There is a fixed natural limitation upon the number of stations that can operate without interfering with one another. Unlike other modes of expression, radio inherently is not available to all. That is its unique characteristic, and that is why, unlike other modes of expression, it is subject to governmental regulation. … - Justice Felix Frankfurter … the radio spectrum simply is not large enough to accommodate everybody. There is a fixed natural limitation upon the number of stations that can operate without interfering with one another. Unlike other modes of expression, radio inherently is not available to all. That is its unique characteristic, and that is why, unlike other modes of expression, it is subject to governmental regulation. … - Justice Felix Frankfurter

24. internet Broadcast radio and TV Books and newspapers source destination regulation ? ? ? Less regulation More regulation bits

25. National Broadcasting Co. v. U. S., 319 U.S. 190 (1943) … the radio spectrum simply is not large enough to accommodate everybody. There is a fixed natural limitation upon the number of stations that can operate without interfering with one another. - Justice Felix Frankfurter … the radio spectrum simply is not large enough to accommodate everybody. There is a fixed natural limitation upon the number of stations that can operate without interfering with one another. - Justice Felix Frankfurter

26. Spread Spectrum Tradeoff: Lower Power Larger Bandwidth to Get Same Channel Capacity (bits/sec) http://sss-mag.com/primer.html#ds

27. Hedy Lamarr

28. R~1914: Born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler in Vienna RFirst woman to appear nude in a feature film, Ecstasy (1933), when she was age 19 R~1914: Born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler in Vienna RFirst woman to appear nude in a feature film, Ecstasy (1933), when she was age 19 After release of film, married wealthy industrialist Fritz Mandl, who tried to buy up and burn all the prints

30. Hedy Lamarr Hostess for Mandl’s parties in Vienna, where they entertained his business friends “Any girl can be glamorous. All she has to do is stand still and look stupid.”

31. Louis Mayer and America RKiesler became increasingly hostile both to the Nazis and to her husband Mandl RIn 1937 she hired a maid who looked like her, then drugged the maid and escaped to Paris in the maid’s uniform RShe met movie mogul Louis Mayer, who gave her a movie contract and the name Hedy Lamarr RDivorced Mandl on grounds of desertion REmigrated to America and settled in Hollywood RKiesler became increasingly hostile both to the Nazis and to her husband Mandl RIn 1937 she hired a maid who looked like her, then drugged the maid and escaped to Paris in the maid’s uniform RShe met movie mogul Louis Mayer, who gave her a movie contract and the name Hedy Lamarr RDivorced Mandl on grounds of desertion REmigrated to America and settled in Hollywood

32. George Antheil RBorn 1900 in New Jersey, of Prussian parents RStudied music in Philadelphia, became concert pianist in Berlin and Paris RAvant-garde composer of “mechanistic” pieces such as Airplane Sonata and Death of Machines RBallet Mécanique was scored for 16 player pianos, xylophone, and percussion; one production had electric bells, airplane propellers, and siren RBorn 1900 in New Jersey, of Prussian parents RStudied music in Philadelphia, became concert pianist in Berlin and Paris RAvant-garde composer of “mechanistic” pieces such as Airplane Sonata and Death of Machines RBallet Mécanique was scored for 16 player pianos, xylophone, and percussion; one production had electric bells, airplane propellers, and siren

33. Antheil in the US By 1933, Antheil’s music was out of fashion and he was broke and moved to California Invented the “See Note” system of musical notation, read down the page with each column representing one note, like a player piano roll - also a commercial failure Man Ray photo

34. Antheil and Endocrinology  1936, Esquire: Glandbook for the Questing Male and The Glandbook for Practical Use

36. The Glandbook in Practical Use (Esquire, June 1936)

37. Lamarr and Antheil RIn 1940 Lamarr arranges to meet Antheil in Hollywood  She knows about Antheil’s applied endocrinology and wants to know how to enlarge her nnnnnnn RThe next night they talk again and Lamarr says she is thinking of quitting MGM and offering her services to the National Inventor’s Council R“They could just have me around, and ask me questions” RIn 1940 Lamarr arranges to meet Antheil in Hollywood  She knows about Antheil’s applied endocrinology and wants to know how to enlarge her nnnnnnn RThe next night they talk again and Lamarr says she is thinking of quitting MGM and offering her services to the National Inventor’s Council R“They could just have me around, and ask me questions”

38. What Hedy Lamarr Knew Lamarr learned a lot while standing around and looking stupid at parties Fritz Mandl was a munitions maker and his regular dinner guests included:

39. The Invention RLamarr understands major problems in weapons design RShe has some ideas about unjammable torpedo guidance systems RShe explains to Antheil the idea of spread spectrum frequency hopping to prevent interception and jamming RShe does not know how to control the sequencing of frequencies RLamarr understands major problems in weapons design RShe has some ideas about unjammable torpedo guidance systems RShe explains to Antheil the idea of spread spectrum frequency hopping to prevent interception and jamming RShe does not know how to control the sequencing of frequencies

40. Antheil: “With a Player Piano Roll!” Short transmissions at different frequencies = a kind of spectrum spreading

43. The Fate of the Invention ROut of patriotism, Lamarr and Antheil give the patent to the Navy and never receive any royalties RShe helps the war effort by selling kisses at $50,000 each, raising $7M in War Bonds in one night RThe Navy classifies but does not implement the invention, reluctant to put player pianos into torpedoes RIn the 1950s electronic control became possible, and frequency hopping became the basis for all secret military communications RFirst heavily used for secret communications in the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 ROut of patriotism, Lamarr and Antheil give the patent to the Navy and never receive any royalties RShe helps the war effort by selling kisses at $50,000 each, raising $7M in War Bonds in one night RThe Navy classifies but does not implement the invention, reluctant to put player pianos into torpedoes RIn the 1950s electronic control became possible, and frequency hopping became the basis for all secret military communications RFirst heavily used for secret communications in the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962

44. The Curious End of Hedy Lamarr RAntheil dies in 1959, never seeing the fruit of his labors RLamarr runs through six husbands, several fortunes, and two shoplifting arrests RShe develops a habit of suing almost anyone who mentions her name in public, but wins few of the lawsuits RIn 1997, with spread spectrum technology now being used to secure millions of cell phone conversations, Lamarr, 84, is awarded the Electronic Frontier Foundation Pioneers Award R“It’s About Time” RAntheil dies in 1959, never seeing the fruit of his labors RLamarr runs through six husbands, several fortunes, and two shoplifting arrests RShe develops a habit of suing almost anyone who mentions her name in public, but wins few of the lawsuits RIn 1997, with spread spectrum technology now being used to secure millions of cell phone conversations, Lamarr, 84, is awarded the Electronic Frontier Foundation Pioneers Award R“It’s About Time”

45. Lamarr on Telephone with her Son at the EFF Award Ceremony

46. The Broadcast Spectrum is Not a Limited Resource! RSpread spectrum makes it possible to have essentially unlimited numbers of cell phone calls RIf radio stations can broadcast and rebroadcast at low power over limited areas using spread spectrum, there can be essentially unlimited numbers of stations RThe legal justification for FCC control of content has been rendered irrelevant by technological advances that started with Lamarr and Antheil! RSpread spectrum makes it possible to have essentially unlimited numbers of cell phone calls RIf radio stations can broadcast and rebroadcast at low power over limited areas using spread spectrum, there can be essentially unlimited numbers of stations RThe legal justification for FCC control of content has been rendered irrelevant by technological advances that started with Lamarr and Antheil!

47. The most beautiful woman in the world - Louis Mayer

48. Coda RIn 1996, Corel Corporation, producer of drawing software Corel Draw8, awards a prize to the draftsman of this image of Lamarr as the best picture drawn using their program RThinking Lamarr is dead, Corel puts the image on its box and startup screen RLamarr sues Corel for $15M, eventually settles, and lives out her last years in comfort R1999: “Films have a certain place in a certain time period. Technology is forever.” Hedy Lamarr died January 19, 2000, at the age of 86 RIn 1996, Corel Corporation, producer of drawing software Corel Draw8, awards a prize to the draftsman of this image of Lamarr as the best picture drawn using their program RThinking Lamarr is dead, Corel puts the image on its box and startup screen RLamarr sues Corel for $15M, eventually settles, and lives out her last years in comfort R1999: “Films have a certain place in a certain time period. Technology is forever.” Hedy Lamarr died January 19, 2000, at the age of 86