1. by Pavitthra Pandurangan

2.  What is the telescope? An object used to make distant objects appear closer using a series of curved mirrors or lenses.

3.  2,000 years ago - evidence of lenses. 1608 - Hans Lippershey invents the first refracting telescope. 1609 - Galileo invents an improved model. 1670 - Isaac Newton invents the modern reflecting telescope. A Basic Overview

4.  1470: Born in Wesel, in western Germany o A German - Dutch lens-maker 1508: Filed for patent for his telescope, but was denied. o Magnification was three times. o Compensated by Dutch government for providing binocular telescopes. Hans Lippershey

5.  February 15, 1564: Born in Pisa, Italy. o Italian physicist and astronomer. 1592: Taught mathematics at University of Padua. o Studied Ptolemy. o Convince that Nicolaus Copernicus' theory (planets revolve around the sun) is correct. 1609: Heard about the telescope. Learned more about it, and created an improved model by himself. o Thought of pointing this invention to the skies, rather than using it in war. o “The Father of Modern Astronomy” Galileo Galilei

6.   What he saw:  Mountains and craters on the moon.  Moons of Jupiter (four largest).  Milky Way is a collection of stars.  Dark spots on the surface of the Sun.  Published discoveries in March 1610 in The Starry Messenger. Galileo’s Findings

7.   Known as the refracting telescope.  Magnification of twenty times.  Parts:  Objective Lens – collects light from a distant object and focuses it into one point.  Small Lens – the eyepiece, brings image to your eye.  This version is not used in modern day astronomy because the lenses are too expensive to reproduce. Galileo’s Telescope

8.   Convex lens collects and bends light to a focus point.  A concave lens magnifies the image. Galileo’s Telescope

9.   January 4, 1643: Born in Woolsthorpe.  1661: Attended Cambridge University.  Read about optics and light.  Investigated the refraction of light.  1688: Developed the reflecting telescope Isaac Newton

10.   Idea was from Scottish mathematician James Gregory, who came up with the design in 1663.  Used two mirrors instead of glass lenses.  Primary Mirror: Curved, metal mirror  Secondary Mirror: Small, flat mirror  Less chromatic aberration (fringes of color against the boundaries between light and dark) since wavelengths focus at one point.  Helpful for viewing dark objects. Newtonian Reflector

11.   A large, concave mirror collects and reflects the incoming light.  Then a flat mirror focuses the light and reflects it to the eye piece.  The eye piece then magnifies the image. Newtonian Reflector

12.  Scientists accepted that the Earth was not the center of the galaxy. The Sun and Moon aren’t perfect cellestial objects. Examine stars, planets, galaxies, space, etc. Look at our universe in different wavelengths (gamma, infrared, radio). See beyond what we can now, and understand the universe. Creation of famous telescopes like the Keck Telescope, the Kitt Peak Observatory, and the Hubble Space Telescope. Impact

13.   "Galilei, Galileo." World Book's Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists. Vol. 3. Illinois: World Book, 2006. 117-19. Print.  ^“Rigden, John S.” Macmillan Encyclopedia of Physics. Vol. 2. New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan, 1996. 647-49. Print.  Strano, Giorgio. "Galileo’S Telescope: History, Scientific Analysis, And Replicated Observations." Experimental Astronomy25.1-3 (2009): 17-31. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Nov. 2012.  "Galileo." (n.d.): Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia. Web. 27 Nov. 2012.  Shubinski, Raymond. "How The Telescope Remade The Universe. (Cover Story)." Astronomy 37.5 (2009): 30.MasterFILE Premier. Web. 27 Nov. 2012.  http://www.biography.com/people/galileo-9305220 http://www.biography.com/people/galileo-9305220  http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/refracting.html http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/refracting.html  http://www.history-of-the-microscope.org/hans-lippershey-invented-the-telescope.php http://www.history-of-the-microscope.org/hans-lippershey-invented-the-telescope.php  http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/science/astronomy/instruments/lippershey.htm http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/science/astronomy/instruments/lippershey.htm  http://www.egglescliffe.org.uk/physics/astronomy/telescope/newtontele.html http://www.egglescliffe.org.uk/physics/astronomy/telescope/newtontele.html  http://www.newton.ac.uk/newtlife.html http://www.newton.ac.uk/newtlife.html  https://www.google.com/#hl=en&sugexp=les%3Bcrnk_timediscountc&gs_nf=3&gs_rn=0&gs_ri=hp&to k=0VxsiR2Qa5ogwAkdHbtiuw&cp=12&gs_id=1k&xhr=t&q=telescope+definition&pf=p&tbo=d&output= search&sclient=psy- ab&oq=telescope+de&gs_l=&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_cp.r_qf.&fp=590195a7cf0fc162&bpcl= 39580677&biw=1280&bih=933 Sources