1. Lecture 35 Plane surfaces. Spherical mirrors. Spherical ceiling mirror Spherical make-up or shaving mirror

2. Image on a plane mirror All the reflected rays seem to be coming from here! Virtual image (the rays don’t come from it) As explained in lecture 33:

3. How to find the image Draw two rays (one of them the normal to the surface, it’s a trivial one) Draw reflected rays. Extrapolate rays until they intersect. s s’s’ s : location of the object s’: location of the image Positive in front of mirror Negative behind mirror Plane mirror: s = -s’

4. Sign conventions Position of object: s > 0 if object is on the same side of surface as incoming rays Position of image: s’ > 0 if image is on the same side of surface as outgoing rays Radius of curvature: R > 0 if center of curvature is on the same side of surface as outgoing rays

5. Magnification y Object’s height Both y and y ’ can be negative if item is upside down! Magnification If m > 0, image is upright. If m < 0, image is inverted. Example: For a plane mirror, m = +1 y’y’ Image’s height

6. Reverse image A B C A’A’ B’B’ C ’ Image on a plane mirror is virtual, upright and reversed. Front and back are reversed

7. ACT: Refraction through a plane surface object s s’s’ Where does the spot appear to be? This image is: A)Virtual B) Real Rays don’t really converge at that point, only their extrapolations. The sign of s is: A) Positive B) Negative Both object and incoming rays are left of surface. The sign of s’ is: A) Positive B) Negative Image is left of surface. Outgoing rays are right of the surface. image

8. Image of an image (1) Example: Two plane mirrors at 45° 1 2

9. Image of an image (2) Use first image as an object for second mirror. Easier… Image for mirror 1 / Object for mirror 2 Object for mirror 1 Image for mirror 2 1 2 (if you look at mirror 2 first, you get another 2 images; and than there are also the images of the images of the images … see front page of lecture 33 notes)

10. Spherical mirrors C = center of curvature V = vertex R = radius of curvature Optical axis CC  V R object Concave R > 0 Optical axis  V R object CC Convex R < 0

11. Concave spherical mirror s’s’ s R  C h If α is small (paraxial approximation), Thus, Independent of h valid for all rays (with small α )

12. Focal distance, focal point CC If object is very far, incoming rays are all parallel and s ∞ Rays converge at one point called the focal point F F f (focal length) Focal length (spherical mirror) DEMO: Focal point

13. Getting the image If a screen or a photographic plate is placed here, image will form on it s > 0 s’ > 0 Image is real and inverted. F 1 ray parallel to the axis, reflection goes through F 1 ray to vertex, reflection at equal angle

14. Magnification (spherical mirror) s s’s’ y y’y’ It looks a little odd: image seems to be in front of mirror (and we’re used to plane mirrors, where it’s behind) DEMOS: Mirror and bulb Mirrors and pigs

15. ACT: Spherical mirror Object What do you see if you place your eye at the position shown? DEMO:As you walk out look at the background with your face close to the mirror. Image A.Smaller, inverted, real image of the arrow B.Blurred image, hard to recognize C.Virtual image of the arrow F

16. In-class example: Closer to the mirror An object is placed at distance f/2 from this mirror. The image is: s s’ < 0 F A)Smaller, real and upright B)Smaller, virtual and inverted C)Larger, real and inverted D)Larger, virtual and upright E)None of the above

17. Convex spherical mirror F Everything is the almost the same for the convex mirror, except R < 0, so f = R/2 < 0. Image is virtual, smaller and upright. DEMO: Convex mirror

19. Appendix: Refraction through a plane surface (entire calculation) object image s s’s’ θ1θ1 θ2θ2 θ1θ1 θ2θ2 s s’s’ n1n1 n2n2 Where does the spot appear to be (for frontal view)?