1. 1877-1914 Unit II I. Prejudice and Discrimination I. Prejudice and Discrimination II. The Progressive Movement II. The Progressive Movement III. Imperialism-Becoming a World Power III. Imperialism-Becoming a World Power

2. 1900-1909 28 min.

3. I Prejudice and Discrimination VUS 8c After Reconstruction, many Southern States passed laws that limited the rights of African Americans. These “Jim Crow” laws were laws that forced separation of races in all public areas. After Reconstruction, many Southern States passed laws that limited the rights of African Americans. These “Jim Crow” laws were laws that forced separation of races in all public areas. African Americans hoped the US Courts would protect their rights under the 14 th and 15 th Amendments, but this proved ineffective. African Americans hoped the US Courts would protect their rights under the 14 th and 15 th Amendments, but this proved ineffective.

4. However, in the Supreme Court case,______________________, the court ruled that ‘separate but equal’ public facilities did not violate the 14 th Amendment. Therefore, African American rights were not protected and “ Jim Crow” segregation continued throughout the South. However, in the Supreme Court case,______________________, the court ruled that ‘separate but equal’ public facilities did not violate the 14 th Amendment. Therefore, African American rights were not protected and “ Jim Crow” segregation continued throughout the South.

5. “The Great_____________” - during the 19 th and 20 th centuries, many African Americans moved to northern cities seeking jobs in industry and to hopefully escape the poverty and discrimination in the South. “The Great_____________” - during the 19 th and 20 th centuries, many African Americans moved to northern cities seeking jobs in industry and to hopefully escape the poverty and discrimination in the South.

6. Responses to Discrimination: African American Leaders Booker T. Washington- accepted social segregation and believed African American equality could be achieved through vocational training. He was a leader of Tuskegee ____________in Alabama. Booker T. Washington- accepted social segregation and believed African American equality could be achieved through vocational training. He was a leader of Tuskegee ____________in Alabama.

7. W.E. B. DuBois- stressed immediate political equality and full civil rights. He believed that education was meaningless without equality. He helped form the NAACP in___________, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. W.E. B. DuBois- stressed immediate political equality and full civil rights. He believed that education was meaningless without equality. He helped form the NAACP in___________, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

8. ________ B. Wells- led crusades against lynching ( hangings without a trial) and called for the federal government to take action against such illegal acts. ________ B. Wells- led crusades against lynching ( hangings without a trial) and called for the federal government to take action against such illegal acts.

9. II. Progressive Movement The rapid rise of industrialization and urbanization led to many problems in America. The rapid rise of industrialization and urbanization led to many problems in America. Many immigrants suffered from poverty, unhealthy living conditions, low paying jobs, child labor and hostility. Many immigrants suffered from poverty, unhealthy living conditions, low paying jobs, child labor and hostility. Many city governments were often corrupt and police, fire and social services were inadequate. Many city governments were often corrupt and police, fire and social services were inadequate. Progressive reformers worked to solve social and political problems. Progressive reformers worked to solve social and political problems.

10. II. The Progressive Movement The progressive movement, beginning around 1900, was as an attempt to cure political, economic, and social problems in America. The progressive movement, beginning around 1900, was as an attempt to cure political, economic, and social problems in America. The movement wished to use government reforms to solve problems created by the rise of industrialization; such as child labor, anti-trust laws, labor unions, and women’s suffrage. The movement wished to use government reforms to solve problems created by the rise of industrialization; such as child labor, anti-trust laws, labor unions, and women’s suffrage. Progressives also wished to create various social reform programs to ensure a basic standard of living for all Americans. Progressives also wished to create various social reform programs to ensure a basic standard of living for all Americans.

11. The two most famous Progressive presidents were Theodore Roosevelt and ____________Wilson. The two most famous Progressive presidents were Theodore Roosevelt and ____________Wilson. Roosevelt’s program ( Republican) was called the “Square Deal” 1901-1908 President Teddy Roosevelt

12. Wilson’s program ( Democrat) was called the “New Freedom” 1912-1920 Wilson’s program ( Democrat) was called the “New Freedom” 1912-1920 President Woodrow Wilson

13. Impact of the Progressives In government, there were five reforms attempting to make government more democratic: In government, there were five reforms attempting to make government more democratic:1.Referendum2.Initiative3.Recall 4.Secret ballot 5. Primary election

14. In State government: Referendum- a process in which citizens may vote on laws that have been passed by a legislative body. Referendum- a process in which citizens may vote on laws that have been passed by a legislative body. Initiative- a process in which citizens may propose laws to state and local governments. Initiative- a process in which citizens may propose laws to state and local governments. _________- a process in which citizens may vote to remove government officials from office. _________- a process in which citizens may vote to remove government officials from office. In National government: Secret ballot- used to protect a voters’ privacy Secret ballot- used to protect a voters’ privacy Primary election- voters nominate candidates for office rather than political party leaders. Primary election- voters nominate candidates for office rather than political party leaders.

15. Other changes In addition, the 17 th Amendment provided for the direct election of_____________. In addition, the 17 th Amendment provided for the direct election of_____________. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 made it illegal for any business structure to set up monopolies ( businesses with no competition) that “restrained trade” or monopolized trade. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 made it illegal for any business structure to set up monopolies ( businesses with no competition) that “restrained trade” or monopolized trade.

16. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was not very effective against powerful corporations because it was considered too vague. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was not very effective against powerful corporations because it was considered too vague. In fact, the federal courts actually used the act against labor unions in order to limit the power of unions. In fact, the federal courts actually used the act against labor unions in order to limit the power of unions.

17. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) finally put some authority into anti-trust legislation under President Woodrow Wilson. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) finally put some authority into anti-trust legislation under President Woodrow Wilson. The Clayton Anti-__________ Act outlawed price-fixing by corporations and also stated the Sherman Anti-trust Act could not be used against labor unions. The Clayton Anti-__________ Act outlawed price-fixing by corporations and also stated the Sherman Anti-trust Act could not be used against labor unions.

18. In local government, Progressive reforms included: In local government, Progressive reforms included: 1. A commission form of city government 1. A commission form of city government 2. A council/manager form of city government 2. A council/manager form of city government Today, most cities use the council/manager form of government Today, most cities use the council/manager form of government

19. 19 th Amendment 19 th Amendment 19 th Amendment 1920, this amendment gave women the right to vote. 1920, this amendment gave women the right to vote.

20. Quick Review 1. What African American leader stressed immediate political equality and was also a co-founder of the NAACP? 1. What African American leader stressed immediate political equality and was also a co-founder of the NAACP?

21. 2. What Supreme Court decision ruled that separate but equal public facilities were legal and not a violation of the 14 th Amendment. 2. What Supreme Court decision ruled that separate but equal public facilities were legal and not a violation of the 14 th Amendment.

22. 3. What is the name of the movement that wished to use the government to solve political, economic and social problems in America? 3. What is the name of the movement that wished to use the government to solve political, economic and social problems in America?

23. 4. What is the term used to describe a reform in state government which allows citizens the right to propose laws to state and local governments? 4. What is the term used to describe a reform in state government which allows citizens the right to propose laws to state and local governments?

24. 5. Which Amendment provided a change that allowed the direct election of Senators? 5. Which Amendment provided a change that allowed the direct election of Senators?

25. 6. Which Amendment in 1920 gave women the right to vote? 6. Which Amendment in 1920 gave women the right to vote?

26. Muckrakers A new group of journalists emerged that were called Muckrakers=writers that wrote and publicized the abuses of child labor, abuses of companies, as well as social and political evils. A new group of journalists emerged that were called Muckrakers=writers that wrote and publicized the abuses of child labor, abuses of companies, as well as social and political evils.

27. Upton _________was the author of a novel called The Jungle - which exposed many corrupt business practices, especially the horrible conditions in the meat packing industry.

28. Another type of journalism emerged called ‘yellow journalism’ = exaggerated stories that that stirred readers emotions and opinions. Another type of journalism emerged called ‘yellow journalism’ = exaggerated stories that that stirred readers emotions and opinions. ( also called the yellow press) ( also called the yellow press)

29. Unions emerged to protect workers rights: Knights of Labor- a union that accepted skilled and non skilled workers Knights of Labor- a union that accepted skilled and non skilled workers American Federation of Labor- union led by Samuel Gompers- accepted craft and skilled workers only. American Federation of Labor- union led by Samuel Gompers- accepted craft and skilled workers only. American Railway Union-railroad workers, led by socialist Eugene V. Debs American Railway Union-railroad workers, led by socialist Eugene V. Debs International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union- a union attempting to organize women in the textile industry International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union- a union attempting to organize women in the textile industry

30. Labor strikes emerged to gain rights From 1881 to 1900 over 24,000 strikes erupted across the nation. The three most violent were: From 1881 to 1900 over 24,000 strikes erupted across the nation. The three most violent were: Haymarket ________ ( Chicago,1886) - a riot broke out between police and protesters over an 8 hour work day, killing many on both sides. Haymarket ________ ( Chicago,1886) - a riot broke out between police and protesters over an 8 hour work day, killing many on both sides. Haymarket Riot

31. Homestead Strike- (Homestead, Pennsylvania 1892) Homestead Strike- (Homestead, Pennsylvania 1892) Carnegie AFL __________workers went on strike when Carnegie steel tried to cut wages. Violence broke out between the workers and the Pinkertons (a private police force called in by Carnegie steel) Carnegie AFL __________workers went on strike when Carnegie steel tried to cut wages. Violence broke out between the workers and the Pinkertons (a private police force called in by Carnegie steel) This was an unsuccessful AFL strike, and the plant was reopened under military protection. This was an unsuccessful AFL strike, and the plant was reopened under military protection.

32. Pullman Strike ( 1894) Pullman luxury sleeping car workers were not totally happy with Pullman Town rules established by Pullman. Pullman Strike ( 1894) Pullman luxury sleeping car workers were not totally happy with Pullman Town rules established by Pullman. During the Panic of 1893, wages were cut 25% and some workers were laid off. Workers protested to Pullman but he refused to negotiate and shut down the plant. During the Panic of 1893, wages were cut 25% and some workers were laid off. Workers protested to Pullman but he refused to negotiate and shut down the plant. The workers turned to the American Railway Union ( ARU-led by Eugene V. Debs). The workers turned to the American Railway Union ( ARU-led by Eugene V. Debs). The ARU joined the Pullman workers, and by 1894 over 240,000 workers were on strike. The ARU joined the Pullman workers, and by 1894 over 240,000 workers were on strike.

33. When the strike interfered with the delivery of mail, railway owners used the Sherman Anti- trust Act to declare that the strike was illegal. President Grover _______________sent in federal troops to end the strike. When the strike interfered with the delivery of mail, railway owners used the Sherman Anti- trust Act to declare that the strike was illegal. President Grover _______________sent in federal troops to end the strike. This set the precedent that factory owners would use the courts against unions, thus limiting union gains. This set the precedent that factory owners would use the courts against unions, thus limiting union gains. It also destroyed the ARU. It also destroyed the ARU.

34. Union Gains Unions eventually obtained limited work hours and improved and regulated work conditions. Unions eventually obtained limited work hours and improved and regulated work conditions.

35. Women and Child Labor A ____________fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York resulted in the death of 141 workers, mostly women. A ____________fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York resulted in the death of 141 workers, mostly women. Such horrible results in such conditions led to improved working conditions for women. Such horrible results in such conditions led to improved working conditions for women.

37. In 1916, Progressives had pressured state governments into passing laws limiting the hours that children could work, usually eight to ten hours per day.

38. Quick Review 1. Who wrote The Jungle, a novel that exposed many corrupt business practices, especially the horrible conditions in the meat packing industry? 1. Who wrote The Jungle, a novel that exposed many corrupt business practices, especially the horrible conditions in the meat packing industry?

39. 2. The newspaper publisher, William Randolph Hurst, often used exaggerated stories in his papers to rouse emotions and sell newspapers. 2. The newspaper publisher, William Randolph Hurst, often used exaggerated stories in his papers to rouse emotions and sell newspapers. What is the term used to explain this type of journalism? What is the term used to explain this type of journalism?

40. 3. What strike was against Carnegie steel in 1892 and resulted in the plant being opened under military protection? 3. What strike was against Carnegie steel in 1892 and resulted in the plant being opened under military protection?

41. III. Imperialism By the 20 th century, European nations had gained control of much of Africa and Asia. By the 20 th century, European nations had gained control of much of Africa and Asia.

42. This imperialism (domination of a weaker nation by a more powerful nation) was a result of the need for more natural resources, the rise of nationalism, the rise of militarism, and advances in technology. This imperialism (domination of a weaker nation by a more powerful nation) was a result of the need for more natural resources, the rise of nationalism, the rise of militarism, and advances in technology.

43. US Imperialism-Becoming a World Power By the middle of the 19 th century, many American business and political leaders argued for American expansion into international markets. By the middle of the 19 th century, many American business and political leaders argued for American expansion into international markets. America became increasingly involved in world affairs in Alaska, Central America, Asia and the ____________area. America became increasingly involved in world affairs in Alaska, Central America, Asia and the ____________area.

44. US begins ‘Global Economy” There were several ways the US began what was called a Global Economy: There were several ways the US began what was called a Global Economy: Open ___________ Policy- Under President McKinley and secretary of State John Hay, the US policy stated that all nations would have equal trading rights in China. Open ___________ Policy- Under President McKinley and secretary of State John Hay, the US policy stated that all nations would have equal trading rights in China. ______________Diplomacy- Under President William Howard Taft, this policy urged bankers and businesses to invest in Latin America. The US promised it would protect investments. ______________Diplomacy- Under President William Howard Taft, this policy urged bankers and businesses to invest in Latin America. The US promised it would protect investments.

45. In 1867, William Seward arranged the US purchase of ______________from Russia. In 1867, William Seward arranged the US purchase of ______________from Russia. Some were critical of this purchase and called it Seward's Folly or Seward’s icebox. Some were critical of this purchase and called it Seward's Folly or Seward’s icebox. 7.2 million or 1.9cents per acre

46. US Becomes a World Power 1858: US establishes a trade agreement with Japan. 1858: US establishes a trade agreement with Japan. 1869- US obtains a coaling station at Midway Island. 1869- US obtains a coaling station at Midway Island. 1893: Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii is overthrown by planter Sanford __________and US Ambassador Stevens. Hawaii comes under US control. 1893: Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii is overthrown by planter Sanford __________and US Ambassador Stevens. Hawaii comes under US control. Both Hawaii and Midway were important as naval refueling stations. Both Hawaii and Midway were important as naval refueling stations. Queen Liliuokalani

47. Spanish American War 1898 1895- Cuban rebels begin revolt against oppressive ______________rule. 1895- Cuban rebels begin revolt against oppressive ______________rule.

48. The “Yellow Press” led by William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer fan the flames of imperialism and call for US intervention in Cuba. The “Yellow Press” led by William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer fan the flames of imperialism and call for US intervention in Cuba. The press also raises US sympathy for Cuban rebels fighting against the Spanish General Wyler. The press also raises US sympathy for Cuban rebels fighting against the Spanish General Wyler.

49. Spanish Minister insults the US President by calling President McKinley weak and feebleminded. Spanish Minister insults the US President by calling President McKinley weak and feebleminded. USS Maine is sent to Havana harbor USS Maine is sent to Havana harbor USS Maine

50. February_____, 1898- February_____, 1898- USS Maine explodes in Havana Harbor, killing 264 Americans. USS Maine explodes in Havana Harbor, killing 264 Americans. Spain is falsely blamed for the explosion. Spain is falsely blamed for the explosion. Wreck of the USS Maine

51. April 11, 1898- US declares war on Spain April 11, 1898- US declares war on Spain US invades the Philippines and Guam US invades the Philippines and Guam US Invades Puerto_________. US Invades Puerto_________.

52. US Army invades Cuba. US Army invades Cuba. “Remember the Maine” “Remember the Maine” Army includes the “Rough Riders”, a mixed group of volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt. Army includes the “Rough Riders”, a mixed group of volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt. Teddy Roosevelt Rough Riders capture San Juan Hill

53. End of the Spanish American War Treaty of Paris- 1898 ends war. Treaty of Paris- 1898 ends war. Results of War: Results of War: 1. Cuba obtains independence 1. Cuba obtains independence 2. US obtains Philippines, Guam, and_____________________. 2. US obtains Philippines, Guam, and_____________________. 3. US obtains right to intervene in Cuba 3. US obtains right to intervene in Cuba

54. Called a “Splendid Little War” Called a “Splendid Little War” (lasted 3 months) US also annexes Hawaii. US emerges as an Imperial World Power. US emerges as an Imperial World Power. War continues in the Philippines as Emilio Aguinaldo leads rebels against American rule. Some are critical of the US role as an imperial power. War continues in the Philippines as Emilio Aguinaldo leads rebels against American rule. Some are critical of the US role as an imperial power.

55. Discuss cartoon.

56. President Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1908 President William McKinley was assassinated in Buffalo in 1901. President William McKinley was assassinated in Buffalo in 1901. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt becomes US President. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt becomes US President. Roosevelt becomes a Progressive President. Roosevelt becomes a Progressive President. His program is called The Square Deal. His program is called The Square Deal. From an African proverb: From an African proverb: Speak softly but carry a big stick

57. ________________Corollary- a statement clearly articulated for the first time since the Monroe Doctrine, that the US would protect its interests not only in the Western Hemisphere but also within the US sphere of influence. ________________Corollary- a statement clearly articulated for the first time since the Monroe Doctrine, that the US would protect its interests not only in the Western Hemisphere but also within the US sphere of influence. Roosevelt also establishes national parks and conservation areas throughout the US. Roosevelt also establishes national parks and conservation areas throughout the US.

58. Roosevelt became involved in Panamanian independence from Columbia. Roosevelt became involved in Panamanian independence from Columbia. Roosevelt was most responsible for the US building and operating the Panama Canal- completed in 1914. Canal shortened route from the Atlantic to Pacific by _________miles. Roosevelt was most responsible for the US building and operating the Panama Canal- completed in 1914. Canal shortened route from the Atlantic to Pacific by _________miles. Roosevelt sends Great White Fleet ( New Naval ships) on a world tour as a show of strength. Roosevelt sends Great White Fleet ( New Naval ships) on a world tour as a show of strength.

59. Panama Canal

60. Roosevelt hand picks his successor, William Howard Taft, who is elected President in 1908. Roosevelt hand picks his successor, William Howard Taft, who is elected President in 1908. Unhappy with Taft, but Taft remains the incumbent Republican President, Roosevelt runs again in ____________as a third party candidate with the ‘Bull Moose ‘ party. Unhappy with Taft, but Taft remains the incumbent Republican President, Roosevelt runs again in ____________as a third party candidate with the ‘Bull Moose ‘ party. Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic candidate is elected President in 1912, under his slogan ‘The New Freedom” Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic candidate is elected President in 1912, under his slogan ‘The New Freedom”

61. Female Reformers: Florence Kelley-fought for child labor laws and improved working conditions. Jane Addams- helped immigrant families and established Hull ____________to assist poor families.