1. By: Catchupdates.com

2. CONTENTS (1)INTRODUCTION (2) BASED ON (3) WHAT IS MERMER (4) INSTRUMENTS (5) HOW IT WORK (6) Brain Fingerprinting VS Lie detector (7) APPLICATION (8) Limittions (9) CONCLUSION

3.  Brain Fingerprinting technique used to determine scientifically what information is, or is not stored in a particular brain.  Brain Finger Printing was invented by Dr B.S. Farwell chief scientist and president of human brain research and laboratory, USA.  Measures the response to visual or audio stimulus.

4.  Brain Fingerprinting method is based on an electric signal which is known as MERMER or Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted Electroencephalographic.  What is MERMER? A MERMER is an electrical signal which is a part of the brainwave observed in response to familiar information. When the brain recognizes something, then there is increase in neurons activity, so elicit some changes in brain wave signals

5. Instrumental Requirements Personal Computer a data acquisition board a graphics card for driving two monitors a four-channel EEG amplifier system software developed by the Brain Fingerprinting lab.

6. How it works? Brain finger printing method uses a signal which is known as MERMER ( Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted Electroencephalographic). A sequence of words, phrases or pictures is presented on video monitor to the subject, wearing a special headband designed for detecting the brain wave responses.

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8. Actually when brain recognizes something then there is some changes in the neurons activity,due to which there is changes in brainwave signals.On the basis of these changes in brain wave signals scientists determine that a particular information is present in the subject mind or not. The entire Brain Fingerprinting system is under computer control, including presentation of the stimuli, recording of electrical brain activity, a mathematical data analysis algorithm that compares the responses of stimuli and produces a determination of "information absent“.

9. Stimuli are of three types: 1) "irrelevant" stimuli that are irrelevant to the investigated situation and to the test subject, 2) "target" stimuli that are relevant to the investigated situation and are known to the subject, and 3) "probe" stimuli that are relevant to the investigated situation and that the subject denies knowing. Probes contain information that is known only to the perpetrator and investigators, and not to the general public or to an innocent suspect who was not at the scene of the crime. Before the test, the scientist identifies the targets to the subject, and makes sure that he/she knows these relevant stimuli. The scientist also makes sure that the subject does not know the probes for any reason unrelated to the crime, and that the subject denies knowing the probes. (e.g., "You will see several items, one of which is the murder weapon"), but is not told which items are the probes and which are irrelevant.

10. By comparing the responses to the different types of stimuli, the brain fingerprinting system mathematically computes a determination of "information present" (the subject knows the crime-relevant information contained in the probe stimuli) or "information absent" (the subject does not know the information).

11. Brain Fingerprinting VS Lie Detector Since brain fingerprinting uses cognitive brain responses, brain fingerprinting does not depend on the emotions of the subject, nor is it affected by emotional responses. Brain fingerprinting is fundamentally different from the polygraph (lie-detector), which measures emotion- based physiological signals such as heart rate, sweating, and blood pressure. Also, unlike polygraph testing, it does not attempt to determine whether or not the subject is lying or telling the truth. Rather, it measures the subject's brain response to relevant words, phrases, or pictures to detect whether or not the relevant information is stored in the subject's brain.

12. National security Medical diagnosis Advertising Criminal Justice

13. Identify terrorists and accomplices prior to attacks by determining whether specific information is embedded in the memory of the subject or not.

14. ‘Brain Fingerprinting’ is the patented technology that can measure objectively, for the first time, how memory and cognitive functioning of Alzheimer sufferers are affected by medications. First generation tests have proven to be more accurate than other routinely used tests, and could be commercially available in 18-24 months. The 30 minute test involves wearing a headband with built-in electrodes; technicians then present words, phrases and images that are both known and unknown to the patient to determine whether information that should be in the brain is still there. When presented with familiar information, the brain responds by producing MERMERs, specific increases in neuron activity. The technician can use this response to measure how quickly information is disappearing from the brain and whether the drugs they are taking are slowing down the process.

15. Brain fingerprinting allows advertisers to determine what information from an ad is retained in memory What elements do people pay attention to. What type of media is most effective. How to advertise to people all over the world.

16. Brain fingerprinting can help address the following critical elements in the fight against terrorism: Aid in determining who has participated in terrorist acts, directly or indirectly. Aid in identifying trained terrorists with the potential to commit future terrorist acts, even if they are in a “sleeper” cell and have not been active for years. Help to identify people who have knowledge or training in banking, finance or communications and who are associated with terrorist teams and acts. Help to determine if an individual is in a leadership role within a terrorist organization.

17. PROS AND CONS OF BRAIN FINGERPRINTING National security Medical diagnosis Advertising Criminal justice PROS Safer US Safer US Stop terrorists before they attack Stop terrorists before they attack Can save thousands of lives by early detection Can save thousands of lives by early detection More personalized treatments More personalized treatments Focus ad campaigns specifically on what works Puts criminals in jail Puts criminals in jail Reduces number of false accusations Reduces number of false accusations CONS Infringement of privacy for citizens Infringement of privacy for citizens Can rely on racial profiling Can rely on racial profiling Time consuming for patients who need constant monitoring Constant testing for new products can become time consuming and expensive Constant testing for new products can become time consuming and expensive Must find random people to use as test subjects Must find random people to use as test subjects. Possibility of inaccuracy Possibility of inaccuracy Can be relied on too heavily Can be relied on too heavily

18. Brain fingerprinting detects information-processing brain responses that reveal what information is stored in the subject's brain. It does not detect how that information got there. In a case where a suspect claims not to have been at the crime and investigators have information that has not been released to the public, brain fingerprinting can determine objectively whether or not the subject possesses that information. In such a case, brain fingerprinting could provide useful evidence. If the suspect knows everything that the investigators know about the crime for some legitimate reason, then the test cannot be applied. If a suspect acknowledges being at the scene of the crime, but claims to be a witness and not a perpetrator, then the fact that he knows details about the crime would not be incriminating. There would be no reason to conduct a test, because the resulting "information present" response would simply show that the suspect knew the details about the crime – knowledge which he already admits and which he gained at the crime scene whether he was a witness or a perpetrator.

19. Brain Fingerprinting is a revolutionary new scientific technology for solving crimes, identifying perpetrators, and exonerating innocent suspects, in research with US government agencies, actual criminal cases, and other applications. The technology fulfills an urgent need for governments, law enforcement agencies, corporations, investigators, crime victims, and falsely accused, innocent suspects. Overall 79 participants with 100% accuracy

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