1. Gravitational physics, planetary science and exploration with laser retroreflectors Manuele Martini Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF) dell’INFN, Frascati (Rome), Italy For the SCF_Lab Team http://www.lnf.infn.it/esperimenti/etrusco

2. CCRs Array on Moon Manuele Martini Apollo 11 Apollo 15 Re-discovered Lunokhod 1 (Luna 17 lander) Apollo 14

3. Apollo MoonLIGHT Short Pulse to Moon Wide Pulse to Earth Pulse to MoonPulses to Earth t3t3 t2t2 t1t1 time t3t3 t1t1 t2t2 1 unresolved widened pulse back to Earth due to multi-CCR and lunar librations 3 separated pulses back to Earth 1 st gen. Lunar Laser Ranging 2 nd gen. Lunar Laser Ranging 3

4. LLRRA21/MoonLIGHT Manuele Martini

5. LLRRA21/MoonLIGHT Manuele Martini INNER CONFORMAL THERMAL SHIELD (Au-Ag coated) SUN/DUS T SHADE SUN/DUST SHADE Mass ~ 1.7 kg Size ~ 150mm (r) x 300mm (h) Sophisticated thermal design (sun heat shade, 2 internal heat shields), tight optical specs

6. LLR tests of General Relativity Manuele Martini Science measurement / Precision test of violation of General Relativity Time scale Apollo/Lunokhod few cm accuracy* 3 MoonLIGHTs 1 mm 0.1 mm Parameterized Post-Newtonian (PPN) βFew years|β-1|<1.1×10 -4 10 -5 10 -6 Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP)Few years|Δa/a|<1.4×10 -13 10 -14 10 -15 Strong Equivalence Principle (SEP)Few years|η|<4.4×10 -4 3×10 -5 3×10 -6 Time Variation of the Gravitational Constant ~5 years|Ġ/G|<9×10 -13 yr -1 5×10 -14 5×10 -15 Inverse Square Law (ISL)~10 years|α|<3×10 -11 10 -12 10 -13 Geodetic PrecessionFew years|K gp |<6.4×10 -3 6.4×10 -4 6.4×10 -5 * J. G. Williams, S. G. Turyshev,and D. H. Boggs, PRL 93, 261101 (2004) LNF measurement of the Geodetic Precession with Apollo/Lunokhod, including new APOLLO station, with Planetary Ephemeris Program (PEP) by CfA: <1% accuracy N. laser returns to make a “standard” ~2-cm LLR range: - MoonLIGHT single, large reflector: ~1 - Apollo/Lunokhod multi-reflector array: thousands

7. INRRI Manuele Martini ‘Petit Poucet’ rover: arm, CCR, camera … Crater or canyon or iced sea? 1064 nm VIS Planet/asteroid/ icy-rocky moon rover at EoL Cartoon not to scale rock or iceberg NIR Planet/asteroid/icy-rocky moon camera Laser altimeter Laser ranging INstrument for landing-Roving laser ranging/altimetry Retroreflector Investigations Passive 25 gr, 60 mm×20 mm, no pointing

8. Future prospects Manuele Martini Characterization in space conditions of MoonLIGHT and INRRI. Improve the precision of Lunar Laser Ranging for better tests of General Relativity. Before the end of the decade, robotic mission on the lunar surface will deploy new scientific payloads, which include MoonLIGHT-type laser retroreflectors and INRRI payloads.

9. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION Manuele Martini Manuele.Martini@lnf.infn.it