1. CROP-LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION

2. Rationale for integration Establishment of open pastures is expensive (RM 2000/ha) Establishment of open pastures is expensive (RM 2000/ha) Large area of oil palm (4.6 m ha), rubber (1 m ha), coconuts (0.14 m ha) Large area of oil palm (4.6 m ha), rubber (1 m ha), coconuts (0.14 m ha) Immature crops (~10%) have plenty of herbaceous plants growing between rows Immature crops (~10%) have plenty of herbaceous plants growing between rows Presence of grazing livestock reduces weeding costs (by 25%) Presence of grazing livestock reduces weeding costs (by 25%) Additional income Additional income

3. Integration systems Cattle under coconuts Sheep under rubber

4. National Agricultural Policy 3 Beef 21. Beef production will be increased through further integration of cattle with plantation crops such as oil palm in smallholdings and plantations and through the expansion of feedlot activities. Beef 21. Beef production will be increased through further integration of cattle with plantation crops such as oil palm in smallholdings and plantations and through the expansion of feedlot activities.

7. Benefits of integration Reduce cost of weeding – estimates show that cost of weeding can be cut to 25% Reduce cost of weeding – estimates show that cost of weeding can be cut to 25% Increase and diversify income Increase and diversify income Increase soil fertility by recycling nutrients Increase soil fertility by recycling nutrients

8. Problems in integration Light levels decline with canopy closure, after 5 years inadequate light for undergrowth Light levels decline with canopy closure, after 5 years inadequate light for undergrowth Damage to crops if livestock is introduced early (< 2 years) Damage to crops if livestock is introduced early (< 2 years) Livestock obstructs farm operations e.g. fertilizer application, rat poisoning Livestock obstructs farm operations e.g. fertilizer application, rat poisoning Humid environment may be detrimental to livestock Humid environment may be detrimental to livestock

12. Availability of forage with age of trees

13. Botanical composition changes

14. Modifying planting pattern to suit integration Traditional planting system in rubber plantation Planting distance (m) Trees/ha 6.0 x 4.0 416 9.0 x 2.5 444 4.8 x 4.5 462

15. Traditional planting 9 m

16. Traditional planting system Intense shading after 5 years

17. Double hedgerow planting system Grazing Area oooooooooooo o o o o o o oooooooooooo 22m 3m 2m

18. Double hedgerow planting system 22 m

19. Double hedgerow planting system CharacteristicsBenefits Inter-rows spacing 22 m wide Access to sunlight over a longer term East-West orientation Ensures high daily light incidence Tree density 400-420 trees/ha Only small reduction compared to traditional (4%)

20. POTENTIAL FORAGE YIELD AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN TRADITIONAL PLANTING DISTANCE OF RUBBER ParametersAge of Rubber (years) 1-33-55-10 Light (% PAR)95-6564-20<20 DM Yield of forage (t/ha) 2.61.20.5 Botanical Composition (%) Legumes793710 Grass143137 Other edible species2225 Inedible species0344 Stocking rate (sheep/ha) 17-1414-44-2 Average Daily Gain (g/day) -84-10626-99 ADG (kg/ha per year)-429-15538-72

21. COMPARISON BETWEEN TRADITIONAL PLANTING AND DOUBLE HEDGEROW PLANTING SYSTEMS ParametersTraditional (unimprov ed pastures) Traditional (Improved pastures) Double hedgerow (improved pastures) Tree density (trees/ha)416-462 400-420 Forage DM (young rubber) t/ha year 5-712-158-10 Forage DM (mature rubber) <1 8-10 Stocking Rate (1-3 yr)1435-2040-30 Stocking Rate (3-5 yr)2-4 40-30 Stocking Rate (5-10 yr)2-4 30-20 Stocking Rate (>10 yr)2-4 20-15 Animal Gain kg/ha per yr500-50700-501000-900 Savings in weeding costs15-25% >50% Estimate of returns from sheep (RM/ha per yr) 62138-147114-245

22. PINTAR Projek Integrasi Ternakan Ruminan dengan Tanaman Kekal Projek Integrasi Ternakan Ruminan dengan Tanaman Kekal – Jabatan Perkhidmatan Haiwan (Integration of Ruminants with Perennial Crops) (Integration of Ruminants with Perennial Crops)

23. KAPASITI LADANG 100 induk / unit KEPERLUAN TANAH 400 hektar kelapa sawit OUTPUT 6-7 ton daging / thn PENDAPATAN RM 80,000 / thn PELABURAN RM 220,000 IRR 17 % INTEGRASI LEMBU PEDAGING DI LADANG KELAPA SAWIT

24. Characteristics Low Input – animals use weeds as feed Low Input – animals use weeds as feed Stock numbers depend on feed availability Stock numbers depend on feed availability

25. Grazing system Rotational grazing system Rotational grazing system A 400 ha area is grazed completely within 90 days (3 months) A 400 ha area is grazed completely within 90 days (3 months)

26. Characteristics of suitable area Minimum 400 ha Minimum 400 ha Oil palm between 5 and 15 years Oil palm between 5 and 15 years Not hilly, slope < 45 o Not hilly, slope < 45 o Not peat soil Not peat soil Not bordering forests Not bordering forests

27. Rotational Grazing System 100 cattle graze 5 ha in 1 day 100 cattle graze 5 ha in 1 day One cycle completed within 80-90 days One cycle completed within 80-90 days Stocking rate? 400 ha, 100 cattle = 0.25 cattle/ha or 4 ha/cattle Stocking rate? 400 ha, 100 cattle = 0.25 cattle/ha or 4 ha/cattle

28. FIDLOT LEMBU PEDAGING KAPASITI 200 ekor KEPERLUAN TANAH 1 - 2 hektar OUTPUT 600 ekor / tahun (80 tan metrik) PENDAPATA N RM 1.2 juta / tahun PELABURAN RM 700,000 (tidak termasuk kos tanah) IRR 27 %

29. 29 UNJURAN PENGELUARAN DAGING LEMBU UNJURAN TAHAP SARA DIRI DAN PENGELUARAN DAGING LEMBU TAHUN200620072008200920102015 Tahap Saradiri 23.124.325.526.928.340.0 Populasi (‘000 ekor) 8809401,0071,0731,1501,500 PENGELUARAN DAGING LEMBU BERASASKAN SISTEM PENTERNAKAN SISTEM 200020052010 %tm% % Integrasi152,625.2236,564.23716,650 Fidlot203,500.2308,562.02611,700 Tradisional6511,375.64713,413.83716,650 Jumlah (tm)10017,500.010028,540.010045,000