2. 1929-1939 Stock market crash Didn’t realize the effect it would have No money to replenish what was borrowed Many found being broke humiliating.

3. And then…. With people panicking about their money investors tried to sell their stocks –This leads to a huge decline in stocks –Stocks were worthless now People who bought on “margins” now could not pay Investors were average people that were now broke

4. Herbert Hoover was president at the start Philosophy: We’ll make it! What He Did: Nothing The poor were looking for help and no ideas on how to correct or help were coming

5. Farmers were already feeling the effects –Prices of crops went down –Many farms foreclosed People could not afford luxuries –Factories shut down –Businesses went out Banks could not pay out money People could not pay their taxes –Schools shut down due to lack of funds Many families became homeless and had to live in shanties

7. Many waited in unemployment lines hoping for a job.

8. People in cities would wait in line for bread to bring to their family.

9. Some families were forced to relocate because they had no money.

10. “Hooverville” Some families were forced to live in shanty towns –A grouping of shacks and tents in vacant lots They were referred to as “Hooverville” because of President Hoover’s lack of help during the depression.

12. Dust Bowl Buried the South Crops turned to dust=No food to be sent out Homes buried Fields blown away South in state of emergency Dust Bowl the #1 weather crisis of the 20th century

14. Two Families During the Depression

15. A Farm Foreclosure

16. *FDR* When he was inaugurated unemployment had increased by 7 million. Poor sections (like Harlem) had 50% of the pop. unemployed Instated the “New Deal” Yea! Frankie!

17. FDR is President 1929 – Annual income in South: $372 Other states : $797 People competed for jobs and caused problems between the races. FDR becomes President in 1933. (“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”) Creates new jobs through government program called New Deal.

18. New Deal helped recover from Great Depression It wasn’t till President Roosevelt took over and tried to put the economy back together that people even saw a glimmer of hope

19. Social Problems Blacks considered second class citizens. Absolute segregation between blacks and whites. Blacks were given menial jobs. Blacks suffered harsh and brutal indignities at hands of “superior” whites. A white man or woman’s word was never questioned.

20. Segregation in Education

21. Major Historical Happenings... Jim Crow Laws Scottsboro Trials Recovering from the Great Depression Racial Injustice Poor South

22. Jim Crow Laws After the American Civil War most states in the South passed anti-African American legislation. These became known as Jim Crow laws.American Civil War These laws included segregation in public places and even in marriage.

23. These laws were instituted in 1896 and were not abolished till the late 1950’s (even then still not completely).

24. More about Jim Crow Laws Most American states enforced segregation through "Jim Crow" laws (so called after a black character in minstrel shows). From Delaware to California, and from North Dakota to Texas, many states (and cities, too) could impose legal punishments on people for mingling with members of another race. The most common types of laws forbade intermarriage and ordered business owners and public institutions to keep blacks and whites separated.

25. Some Facilities that Were Separate:  Bus station waiting rooms and ticket windows  Railroad cars or coaches  Restaurants and lunch counters  Schools and public parks  Restrooms and water fountains  Sections of movie theaters  There were even separate cemeteries

26. At the bus station, Durham, North Carolina, 1940.

27. Greyhound bus terminal, Memphis, Tennessee. 1943.

28. A rest stop for bus passengers on the way from Louisville, Kentucky to Nashville, Tennessee, with separate entrance for Blacks. 1943.

29. A sign at bus station, Rome, Georgia. 1943.

30. A highway sign advertising tourist cabins for Blacks, South Carolina. 1939.

31. Cafe, Durham, North Carolina. 1939.

32. Drinking fountain on the courthouse lawn, Halifax, North Carolina. 1938.

33. Movie theater’s "Colored" entrance, Belzoni, Mississippi. 1939.

34. The Rex theater for colored people, Leland, Mississippi. June 1937.

35. Restaurant, Lancaster, Ohio. 1938.

36. Water cooler in the street car terminal, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. 1939.

37. Sign above movie theater, Waco, Texas. 1939.

38. Beale Street, Memphis, Tennessee. 1939.

39. 9 young African- American men (13-20) accused of raping 2 white girls in 1931 Immediately sentenced to death by an all white jury Trials went on for nearly 15 years before all the men were dismissed

40. Scottsboro Trials Famous court case in 1931. Case inspired Lee’s court case in the book. Nine black men accused of raping two white women. Women were prostitutes who hopped train and were arrested. Yelled rape to take attention off their hopping train.

41. Scottsboro trial cont. Several people said men did not commit crime. Jury found them guilty. 8 got death sentence, but all overturned. Not released until 1950. One was shot trying to escape.

42. The trials caused a huge uproar amongst the black community.

43. Civil Rights Movement Lee writing during 1950’s when Civil Rights movement was unfolding. Rosa Parks – Dec., 1955: Did not give up seat to white man. 1957 – Schools in Little Rock, Arkansas ordered to desegregate (Segregation=separation)

44. Civil Rights cont. 1954 – Brown vs. Board of Education: Segregation ruled unconstitutional in public schools. 1960’s – Martin Luther King Born: Jan. 15, 1929 Black preacher Led peaceful protest marches Killed April 4, 1968

45. Civil Rights cont. Martin Luther King cont. - Killed in Memphis, Tenn. - Won Nobel Peace Prize 1964

46. Actors and Actresses – 1930’s Marx Brothers Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers WC Fields and Margaret Hamilton Clark Gable Charlie Chaplin Shirley Temple

47. Marx Brothers

48. Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers

49. W.C. Fields and Margaret Hamilton

50. Margaret Hamilton was the original…

51. Wicked Witch of the West!

52. Clark Gable – What famous movie was he in?

53. Gone with the Wind!

54. Charlie Chaplin

55. Shirley Temple – The Good Ship Lollypop

58. HARPER LEE (Nellie) Harper Lee BORN: April 28, 1926 PLACE OF BIRTH: Monroe, Alabama PARENTS: Amasa C. and Frances (Finch) Lee Related to Robert E. Lee

59. EDUCATION Monroe, Alabama Public School Huntington College in Montgomery, Alabama (1944) attended Oxford College one year as a Fullbright scholar

60. Wrote To Kill a Mockingbird in 1960 Based the story on her life growing up in Monroeville, Alabama TKAM was the only novel she ever wrote

61. Harper Lee never wrote anything again that was published. She never gives interviews or talks about her book. Lives in Monroeville, Alabama and New York City

62. OVERVIEW OF THE NOVEL AUTHOR: Harper Lee PUBLICATION DATE: 1960 SETTING: Maycomb, Alabama 1933-1935 THEMES: Lack of and need for human compassion Need for individual conscience Discrimination in various forms POINT OF VIEW: First person narrative by elder Scout (that’s why she sounds smart)

63. Themes of TKAM Coming of age – growing up Racial – black vs. white “prejudice” Superstition Education

64. Finch Family JEAN LOUISE “SCOUT” FINCH – adult narrator as story begins; narrates story in retrospect; relates events that begin when she is 6 years old. ATTICUS FINCH – lawyer, father of Scout and Jem; widower JEM FINCH – Scout’s brother, who is 4 years older than she. CHARLES BAKER “DILL” HARRIS –

65. MORE CHARACTERS ARTHUR “BOO” RADLEY – CHARLES BAKER “DILL” HARRIS - CALPURNIA – TOM ROBINSON – MAYELLA EWELL –

66. The character of “Dill,” Scout and Jem’s playmate in the novel was based upon Lee’s actual neighbor, Truman Capote Capote is famous for amongst other things, In Cold Blood and Breakfast at Tiffany’s. It has been said that he gave Lee Mockingbird as a gift.

67. Truman Capote

68. AUTHOR’S LINKS TO THE NOVEL’S PLOT AND CHARACTERS Harper Lee’s father was a Southern lawyer. He served as the prototype for Atticus Finch. Harper Lee’s age (6 to 8) correlates with Scout’s age during 1933-1935, the time period of the book. The courtroom in Maycomb is patterned after the one in Monroeville where Harper Lee observed her father in courtroom proceedings. Tom Robinson’s trial appears to be a composite of many trials in the South, specifically the Scottsboro trials. Some of the novel’s characters are composites of people Harper Lee knew personally; for example, the author Truman Capote as Dill.

69. In 1962 the novel was turned into a film starring Gregory Peck. It received a humanitarian award and several Academy Award nominations