1. Adjectives and Adverbs
Chapter 18
Adjectives and Adverbs

2. The pretty walked to the park.
Attention Grabber
The pretty walked to the park.
What’s missing in the sentence?
A noun
Revise:
The pretty woman walked to the park.
What is role of “pretty” in the sentence?
ADJECTIVE

3. Main Points for Adjectives
It describes or modifies the noun or pronoun.
Answers the following:
What kind?
Which one? (Also refers to time)
How many?
How much?

4. What is/are the adjectives? Small, work; early, colonial
Exercise #1: Identify Adjectives; what they modify; and what question(s) it answers
Small work boats were sailed extensively for pleasure in early colonial times.
What is/are the adjectives?
Small, work; early, colonial
What are the words each adjective describes?
Boats; times
What question(s) do adjectives answer?
What kind? ; Which one?

5. Do adjectives always come before the noun or pronoun?
Sick in bed, he was very bored.
Sick – comes before the pronoun.
The child, sick with fever, lay in bed.
Sick – comes after the noun.
She was sick for a week.
Sick – comes after the linking verb

6. Articles are adjectives too!
“The” is a definite article.
The noun it modifies refers to a specific person, place, or thing.
The catcher; The National Park; The wagon
“A” and “an” are indefinite articles.
The noun it modifies refer to any class of people, places, or things.
A group; a building; an easel

7. When to use “a” or “an”
Easy! “A” is used before a consonant sound; “an” is used before a vowel sound.
Examples on the board:
(a, an) honorable man
(a, an) charitable woman
(a, an) cute dog
(a, an) orange
(a, an) union

8. Let’s try more examples for articles:
(D) first passenger train cars were 15 feet long and 17 feet wide.
The
They were built like (I) stagecoach with railroad wheels. a
Later, six wheels were placed on (D) passenger cars.
the

9. Continued: Today, there are (I) variety of passenger cars.
(D) typical passenger car has (I) aisle with seats on either side.
The; an

10. Nouns Used as Adjectives
What two questions will it answer?
What kind?
Which one?
Try the following nouns:
Snack
Snack food
Ring
Ring finger

11. Exercise #1: Identify nouns used as adjectives
For a fun vacation, some families plan road trips to state monuments and historic sites.
fun; road; state
See textbook page 384 to continue exercise.

12. Proper and Compound Adjectives
Refresher:
What is a proper noun?
A specific person, place, or thing/idea. It’s always capitalized.
What is a compound noun?
It’s made up of more than one word – hyphenated or combined.

13. Exercise #2: Identify Proper and Compound Adjectives
Late in 1577, Francis Drake left England to attempt a three-year circumnavigation of the globe.
Three-year
Compound adjective
After crossing the Atlantic Ocean, drake sailed down the South American coast.
South American
Proper adjective

14. Pronouns Used as Adjectives
Key Points
1. It answers one question:
a. Which one?
2. Possessive pronouns are included as well.
a. my; your; his; her; its; our; their

15. Have you asked a professional captain for his advice?
Exercise #3: Identify pronoun(s) used as adjectives with the word it modifies.
Have you asked a professional captain for his advice?
his advice
A professional can help you chart your course.
your course
My sister enjoyed her friends’ boat.
her friends’

16. Demonstrative, Interrogative, or Indefinite Pronouns used as Adjectives
Refresher:
What are demonstrative pronouns?
“points out”: this, that, these, those
What are interrogative pronouns?
“asks”: which, what, whose
What are indefinite pronouns?
Singular forms modify singular nouns; plural forms modify plural nouns.
Examples:
Each boat; several sails; more rigging

17. Each stateroom has a private breakfast room.
Exercise #4: Identify pronouns used as adjectives, and determine whether it’s demonstrative, interrogative, or indefinite.
Each stateroom has a private breakfast room.
Each
indefinite
Some cruise ships stop in the Bahamas.
Some

18. 18.2 Adverbs (Read page 390) Refresher:
Adjectives modify?
Nouns/Pronouns
If adjectives modify nouns/pronouns, what do adverbs modify?
Verbs
Adverbs may answer 4 questions:
Where?
When?
In what manner/way?
To what extent?

19. Ancient peoples often saw designs in the stars, called constellations.
Exercise 20 (page 391) Identify the adverb. What question does it answer? Where? When? In what manner/way? To what extent?
Ancient peoples often saw designs in the stars, called constellations.
often; when
They carefully named the constellations after various religious figures, animals, and objects.
carefully; in what way
Constellations are sometimes imagined to be groupings of bright stars.
sometimes; when
Eighty-eight constellations are recognized today.
today; when

20. The names are derived in part from Greek mythology.
in part; to what extent
Draco, the dragon, bravely defended the goddess Hera’s apple tree.
bravely; in what way
Hercules subdued him quickly in a struggle to get apples.
quickly; in what way
Hera placed Draco overhead in the stars to remember him.
overhead; where
Draco is one of the constellations now.
now; when

21. Adverbs may modify other adverbs and adjectives too!
It answers only one question:
To what extent?
Example:
A glow just barely appears on the northern horizon.
just modifies barely; just barely modifies appears

22. Lights move unexpectedly fast across the sky.
Exercise 21 (page 393) Identify all adverbs. Indicate the word each adverb modifies.
Lights move unexpectedly fast across the sky.
unexpectedly modifies fast; unexpectedly fast modifies move
A glowing curtain of light forms more clearly.
More modifies clearly; more clearly modifies forms
It arches farther forward.
Farther modifies forward; farther forward modifies arches

23. Sometimes, the word may be an adjective or adverb
Sometimes, the word may be an adjective or adverb. How would I know the difference?
Easy tip:
Adjectives modify nouns/pronouns.
Adverbs modify adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs.
Examples:
Vincent van Gogh painted Starry Night late in his career.
Late is an adverb because it modifies painted, a verb.
It was a very hard time in his life, and he was not well.
Hard is an adjective because it modifies time, a noun.

24. Is the underlined word an adjective or adverb?
Often when you look out your window at night, you see the kindly face of the Man in the Moon.
adjective
You will also see in the far reaches of the sky the stars that form the many constellations.
Some people think that the idea of constellations is silly.

25. Ancient cultures saw pictures in the stars late at night.
However, constellations serve well as memory devices for identifying stars.
adverb
When you’re staring at 11,000 to 11,500 stars, you’ll have a hard time telling which is which.
adjective
However, once you recognize the stars of the constellation Orion the Hunter, for example, you will find the stars of his hunting dogs near him.
Ancient cultures saw pictures in the stars late at night.

26. The Crane is a modern constellation found deep in the southern sky.
They looked high into the heavens and saw the Lion, the Bull, the Fish, and the Scorpion.
adverb
The Crane is a modern constellation found deep in the southern sky.
Al Nair, a bright star on the Crane’s foot, is spinning fast – at least 236 kilometers per second!
Early efforts to catalog the stars date back roughly 6,000 years.

27. Some constellations are seen low on the horizon.
adverb
Other constellations are much higher.
Some are seen most clearly in late summer.
adjective
Whether the constellations seem far or near depends on the rotation of the Earth.
Both adjectives