1. Industrial Revolution

2. While the American & French Rev. encouraged political change, a different kind of revolution was stirring in Europe An Economic Revolution The effects of the Industrial Rev. were just as far- reaching as the effects of the political rev. that took place in America & France

3. The Industrial Rev. brought about fundamental changes in the way goods are made It introduced mass production & the use of new sources of energy to meet human needs People started making goods in factories instead of at home They used steam power to run machinery

4. Causes of the Industrial Revolution The I.R. 1 st began in Great Britain in the 1700s. There were several important factors that made Great Britain ready for the I.R. Geographical Advantages Many harbors, rivers and plenty of coal. As an island, it was protected from invasion, close to European markets, & well located for trade Transportation & Communications Had a well developed coastal trade, canals, port towns, a postal service, daily newspapers, & most powerful navy in the world Large Colonial Empire Brought raw materials to her ports. Contributed to the development of sophisticated financial & commercial skills Powerful Middle Class Large/powerful middle class participated in gov. & promoted free enterprise. They brought together capital, labor, & new industrial inventions Agricultural Improvements British farmers used scientific methods to boost productivity, such as enclosing common lands, rotating crops, & animal breeding. Fewer people were needed to work on the farm

5. With its favorable geography, colonial empire, political stability, global trade, prosperous agriculture, & thriving middle class, Britain was ready for something dramatic to happen in its economy Advances in science also helped set the stage Inventors & business owners took a “scientific approach” to solving problems. Because of these advance, British manufacturers had technical skills to build new machines

6. Innovations in Textile Manufacturing A series of British inventions then trigger the I.R. The revolution began in textiles & spread to other fields Cotton & wool were pulled & twisted on a spinning wheel to make thread/yarn The Spinning Jenny (1764) used a single wheel to control several spindles at a time This allowed many threads to be spun at once Larger quantities of thread could soon be made quicker & inexpensively

7. Other similar inventions improved both spinning & weaving. James Watt improved the steam engine (1769) by creating separate chambers for the steam to get hot & cool down Watt’s improved steam engine made steam power available for mechanical purposes It allowed factory construction to be placed anywhere since they were no longer dependent on water for power

8. The Shift from Home to Factory Before the I.R., craftsman worked at home Merchants often dropped off raw materials & collected the cloth Known as the domestic system or cottage industry During the I.R., large numbers of workers began working together in factories Workers could be supervised & could use machines driven by water or steam

9. The rate of production in the new factories increased As a result, price of cloth decreased & demand for textiles rose Raw cotton was imported > spun into thread > woven into cotton cloth > shipped around the world & sold England’s plentiful supplies of coal & water provided resources needed for steam power to run the factories. It’s engineers & craftsman were skilled at making machinery As demand grew for less costly British textiles, more & more factories were built, employing a greater # of workers

10. Working Conditions While factory owners grew richer & more powerful, the conditions of the new “working class” worsened. Unsafe, long hours, received barely enough to pay to live on Women & children worked In hard times, factory workers lost their jobs and were left to beg, steal, get local poor relief, or die of starvation

11. Urbanization Fewer workers were needed on farms because of improvements in agriculture. With the shift of work to factories, large numbers of workers moved from their farms & homes in the countryside to the cities The migration from rural communities to cities marked one of the largest population shifts in history Cities became crowded, unsanitary, smoke from factories polluted the air Local gov. were often unable to cope with the needs of the large # of workers

12. Changes in Transportation Technology Improvements in transportation accelerated advances in industrialization Steam engines were applied to steam boats & locomotives Railroads unified the economy of a region by linking cities factories, towns, & the countryside together Railroad construction required vast amounts of coal, iron, & steel, greatly increasing the growth of heavy industry

13. Changes in European Society The I.R. led to important changes in society A new middle class of capitalist, composed of merchants, landowners & bankers emerged Helped develop the free enterprise system Role of the Entrepreneur The means of production were owned by entrepreneurs. They organized, managed & assumed responsibility for a business in hopes of making a profit Role of the Worker Former farm workers left their homes in the countryside for jobs in more populated & industrialized areas. Workers provided labor for wages Role of the Gov. Followed a laissez- faire policy. Gov. didn’t interfere in relations between workers & business owners

14. Family Life in the I.R. The I.R. brought many changes to family life In pre-industrial times most people lived in villages Peasant famers or craftsman Husband & wives worked together in the fields or at home spinning thread & weaving cloth Children learned from their parents & worked alongside them Few went to school

15. With the rise of industry, all this changed Many men, women & even children began working in factories Less time was spent by family members at home or together Often unmarried men & women served as unskilled factory workers People moved from villages into towns/cities Conditions b/c more crowded & whole families huddled into small apartments, sharing rooms Less access to fresh water, sunlight & fresh air Diseases like cholera & typhus could spread quickly

16. While the capitalist classes enjoyed wealth, historians still debate whether the living standards of workers improved or worsened Municipal reforms led to improvements in public water supplies & sewage, although they did not eliminate crowded living conditions Reformers also introduced free public education for children

17. Scientist like Louis Pasteur also played an important role in improving living conditions for all social classes Pasteur believed most diseases were caused by germs He was able to show how better sanitary practices like washing hands & boiling instruments before surgery could reduce infections & death he pioneered the heating of liquids to kill germs

18. Reform Movements Social Reforms The misery of the working classes & the injustices of capitalism began to disturb the conscience of the new middle class They also feared violence from the working class Parliament banned women & children from working in the mines, limited working house to 10 hours, & made working conditions safer Queen Victoria favored social reforms and to help the poor

19. Municipal Reforms Made cities cleaner & more healthful Public health officials improved the quality of drinking water & introduced sewage systems (helped stop the spread of disease) Police forces made the cities safer Gov. introduced the 1 st free public elementary schools

20. Workers’ Unions Workers organized into unions & threatened strikes if they did not obtain higher wages & better conditions Even those favoring conservative values like Otto von Bismarck of Germany, introduced social reforms such as social security insurance

21. Political Reforms The rising middle class of factory owners, merchants, & bankers demanded greater political power The old House of Commons represented the counties & many old towns New towns had no representation at all The Reform Bill of 1832 gave greater representation in Parliament to these new towns & extended voting rights to the middle class Liberals argued these gradual reforms would avoid a revolution Later reform bills gradually extended voting rights to the working class and by the late 19 th century to all adult males, but not women

22. The 2 nd Industrial Revolution The constant stream of innovation trigger by the I.R. led to a “2 nd I.R.” in the late 19 th cent. Based on improvements in the chemical, steel, petroleum industries, & the intro of electricity Thomas Edison Invented the phonography motion pictures, light bulb Alexander Graham Bell Invented the telephone Marie Curie Studied radioactivity and won a Noble Prize for discovering radium