2.  Built-in obsolescence › Some products are designed to stop working after a certain period of time – this is called › This is shown in computer software and hardware, where companies stop supporting products – thus forcing consumers to buy the new products › Manufactures using inferior or less expensive components in their products to ensure they fail quickly.  Advantages › When it breaks the consumers often buys a new one, manufacture makes more money › New, improved and more expensive products are brought to the market and we buy a newer more expensive version.

3.  Disadvantage › Consumers buy replacements from a different manufacturer, fearing that one from the same manufacturer may break again › Consumers have to spend more money on replacing products or upgrading software › Broken or out-of-date products often end up in landfill sites.  Offshore manufacturing › Large companies relocate their businesses from one country to another. Cheaper labour costs. › China when they joined the WTO in 2001 and India because of global communication.

4.  +++++ › Companies can use cheaper labour rather than pay the higher wages in the UK or other developed countries › Fewer and cheaper costs, for example energy and labour cost, than in the UK to local practices and prices.  --------- › Lost of jobs and workforce in home countries of business › Transporting products around the world results in high energy costs and creates pollution › Loss of secondary jobs, which are based on providing parts and suppliers to the relocated businesses

5. If asked just remember that a designer job is not to just think about how a product looks or works but how different cultures will view the product. E.g. Don’t call a new product by a name which can upset or cause offence. Green time: Global warming – gradual increase in the average temperature – bad weather Effects of GW – Polar ice-caps to melt – sea levels to rise. Significant loss of agricultural yields further loss of animals.

6.  Gases – carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour and fluorinated gases trap heat.  Kyoto Protocol › International agreement linked adopted in 11 Dec 1997 – started 16 th Feb 2005. › 37 industrialised countries and EC to reduce emissions of 4 gases – carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and sulphur hexafluoride. Reduce by 5% below 1990 levels. Air travel and shipping are not included.  5 key principles › Legally binding › Prepare policies and measures to reduce gases › A fund for climate change fund to help developing countries › Reports and reviews are carried out › A committee would ensure that it is being complied.

7.  On the sheets are the +++ & --- of the type so learn that › Renewable energy – can be generated indefinitely  Wind energy › Can generate 5 megawatts per turbine – a group of turbines is called a farm  Solar energy › Can create electricity or used to heat water and buildings › Solar cells using the photovoltaic effect – create voltage.  By using this stuff it reduces the need to produce electricity by coal-burning power stations.  Biomass – combustible fuel › Fermenting the sugar component part of the plant to produce ethanol. › It can be burnt but often mixed to reduce the vehicle emission.

8.  Why biomass is not ideally suited for transportation fuel.  Minimising Waste production › Processes to keep resource consumption and energy use to a minimum. › Designers must consider the product life cycle  Reduce materials and energy › Required additional investment due to new, efficient machinery, but savings can be made as a result because they use less energy. › Lighter and stronger materials have led to the reduction in the size of some structural components. Carbon fibre › Using fewer components – makes it easier to take apart and recycle › Reducing energy – turn lights off lights at night etc.

9.  Using materials more than once. Milk bottle Means you don’t have to produce new ones, raw materials etc.  Recover energy from waste › EFW – Energy can be recovered from waste › WTE – Waste can be converted into energy in the form of heat or electricity. › This can be used to heat homes and reduces the need for oil and gas. › Incineration emission must be controlled.  Recycle materials and products and use recycled materials › Processing used material and products into new materials or products. Reduce the demand for new materials, reduce energy consumption and reduce air pollution. Less waste – no landfill.

10. Glass, paper, metal, textiles and some plastics can be recycled. These are not recycled into new, pure products they reused in lower quality products – cardboard, lower- grade metals and plastics.  Salvage › It involves stripping out materials – gold, lead from batteries. Only used for high value

11.  CAD/CAM › Computer Aided Design/Manufacture – › CAD plugs into CAM – using CNC – computer numerically controlled machinery to make products automatically, quickly and accurately.  Virtual modelling and testing › A computer model of a physical object – visualisation purposes › Used for testing – air flow, stress analysis and fatigue testing  Laser testing › Edges require little surface finishing.  CNC milling and turning › Great accuracy and speed. A milling machine uses a cutter that moves up and down vertically while the work which is fixed to the table moves backwards, forwards and from side to side. Cut curves and 3D shapes

12.  Lathes › Turn products in the round. Work held in the chuck, the tool post moves to turn cylindrical products. Tools changes can be automatic. Some have automated chucks and material handling – so non-stop production is possible.  Rapid prototyping › Automatically creating physical objects by adding materials in layers to build up a 3D object. › CAD model broken into slices. › Allow prototype in hours not days and £ hundreds not thousands. › Time to develop products much quicker and cheaper. › 6 months form 2 years.

13.  Bluetooth › Wireless transmission of data using radio waves. Exchange data over short distances between mobile and fixed devices. PAN (personal area network)  Videoconferencing › Two or more people in different locations to have an interactive video and audio conversation. › Relay pictures and sounds in a virtual meetings. › Video input – video camera or webcam › Video output – computer monitor, TV or projector › Audio input – microphone › Audio output – loudspeakers › Data transfer – LAN, digital telephone line or internet.  Look at the table for advantages etc.

14.  Used to communication and transfer data from one system to another.  Email › Quicker and cheaper communication – across the world in seconds. › Pictures, spreadsheets can be sent by attachment. › Changed, saved and resent › Client responds quickly – lots of time savings.  Email marketing and sales › Emails to sell products – new products, promotion › Customers have to register their products – direct access to information.  EPOS – Electronic Point of Sale › Think Tesco’s – tills are used to gather and record information. › Barcode is read by a laser scanner. › 13 numbers give information about the product

15.  More EPOS › Intelligent Till – sales are recorded on a computer. They monitor sales across the store. › Stock levels are known and reorders automatically › Analysis of sales and stock levels – know sales and allows monitor of wastage, theft and damage.  EPOS in manufacture › Stock control principles – products are give a unique barcode › Fixings in boxes are barcoded in batches and then when they are need they are scanned in and can then make sure that replacements are ordered in time. › Monitor product assembly more carefully – don’t need a large stock of bought-in components.

16.  Quick and efficient sales and order processing  Barcode search makes checking stock levels quick and easy  Ability to adjust and record stock levels on a daily basis  Can generate daily reports on, for example, sales history.  Easy to keep customers’ and suppliers’ details, including what your favourite items are at the supermarket.  What have companies down with this information?