1. Affluence and Its Discontents, 1954-1963
Chapter 28
Affluence and Its Discontents,
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2. Foreign Policy, 1953-1960 Anticommunist rhetoric subsided
Bipolar confrontations between United States and the Soviet Union over European issues
Nuclear deterrence
Subtle, complex power plays in the Third World
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3. Eisenhower Takes Command
Korean War prisoner exchange issue
Communist Control Act (1954)
Army-McCarthy hearings (1954)
U-2 planes
“Hidden-hand” Presidency
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4. The New Look and Summitry
Nikita Khrushchev and “peaceful coexistence”
"New Look" and “massive retaliation”
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)
United States Information Agency (USIA)
“Summit” meetings
Challenges to the Soviets in Eastern Europe
John Foster Dulles and liberation from Communism
Poland and Wladyslaw Gomulka
Hungary and Imre Nagy
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5. Covert Action and Economic Leverage
Battle to contain Communism shifts to 3rd World
CIA Covert Action
Philippines
Iran
Guatemala
Trade and Aid
Mutual Security Program
Military Assistance Program
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6. America and the Third World
Economic elites and dictators abroad won U.S. support against political opponents by pointing fingers at supposed “communists”
U.S. supported measures that were supposedly “anticommunist”
These measures often meant suppression of political and social change
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7. Latin America “Yankeephobia” Fulgencio Batista Fidel Castro
Review of policies toward Latin America
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8. Nasserism and the Suez Crisis of 1956
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Suez Crisis
"Nasserism"
"Eisenhower Doctrine“
Sukarno
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9. Vietnam Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh Geneva Peace Accords (1954)
Dien Bien Phu (1954)
Geneva Peace Accords (1954)
Domino Theory
Ngo Dinh Diem
National Liberation Front (NLF)
Eisenhower’s farewell address
Greatest danger not Communism, but U.S. military-industrial complex
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10. Affluence – A “People of Plenty”
Postwar period overall tremendous economic boom for U.S.
David Potter “A people of plenty”
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11. Economic Growth
1950s: midpoint of steady economic growth from WWII through early 1970s
National Security policy keeps energy and raw materials flowing to U.S. from abroad
Emergence of new industries
Chemicals
Electronics
Suburban life and the automobile
John Kenneth Galbraith
The Affluent Society

12. Highways and Waterways
Highway Act (1956)
National security justification
Private sector economic benefits
Victory of automobile
Government aided development in the West
Army Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation
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13. Steady Growth of Gross National Product, 1940-1970
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14. Auto Sales,
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15. Labor-Management Accord
Labor militancy subsides
AFL-CIO (1955)
Expansion of benefits packages to workers
Job security high, fringe benefits high, real wages rise
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16. Political Pluralism C. Wright Mills, sociologist
Critique of corporate leaders as members of small “power elite”
Pluralism: public policymaking stemmed from wide participation in public debate by a broad range of different interest groups
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17. A Religious People
Cold War against Atheistic Communism increased public symbolism of American religion
“Under God” added to Pledge of Allegiance
“In God we Trust” made the national motto
Pluralism in religion
Will Herberg Protestant-Catholic-Jew (1955)
“Judeo-Christian tradition”
Religious leaders as celebrities
Norman Vincent Peale The Power of Positive Thinking (1952)
Evangelists Oral Roberts and Billy Graham
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18. Discontents of Affluence
Body of social criticism evolved in the 1950s, especially with regard to:
Conformity
Youth
Mass culture
Discrimination
Inequality
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19. Conformity in an Affluent Society
William H. Whyte, Jr.
The Organization Man (1956)
David Riesman
The Lonely Crowd (1950)
Vance Packard
The Hidden Persuaders (1957)
Betty Friedan
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20. Restive Youth Frederick Wertham The Seduction of the Innocent
Elvis Presley
Chuck Berry
The Blackboard Jungle (1955)
Rock and Roll becomes mass consumption product
Beach Boys
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21. The Mass Culture Debate
Criticism of conformity and of youth culture merged into debate over “mass culture”
“Good” vs. “bad” art in the marketplace
Television
3 dominant players: NBC, CBS, ABC
FCC’s Newton Minlow: TV as a “vast wasteland”
Television transformed the American home
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22. The Limits of the Mass Culture Debate
Many critics of mass culture refused to question the distribution of political and economic power
Regulation vs. censorship
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23. The New Suburbs and Gender Ideals
New consumer technology reallocated (but not reduced) women’s household chores
“Separate spheres”: public and private
Benjamin Spock
Baby and Child Care (1946)
“Juvenile delinquency”
Father Knows Best and Leave it Beaver
Hugh Hefner and Playboy

24. Women’s Changing Roles
Increase in women entering the workforce
Percentage of married mothers with jobs outside the home:
1948: 25%
1959: 40%
Birth Control pill (1960)
Jobs for women: nurses, school teachers, telephone operators, secretaries
Paid less, few opportunities for advancement, no active labor unions
Limited opportunities in professional schools or societies

25. The Fight Against Discrimination, 1953-1960
Thurgood Marshall
Earl Warren
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26. The Brown Cases Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)
South becoming more like the rest of the country
Racial composition of other parts of U.S. becoming more like the South
“Massive resistance“ and the "Southern Manifesto"
White Citizens Councils
Emmitt Till
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27. The Montgomery Bus Boycott and Martin Luther King Jr.
Direct Action campaigns
Rosa Parks
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
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28. The Domestic and International Politics of Civil Rights
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Commission on Civil Rights
Little Rock Central High School
Orval Faubus, segregationist governor of Arkansas
Racial conflict in the U.S. “not helpful to the influence of the U.S. abroad”
1956 and 1958 elections: Divided government
Republican Eisenhower popular and reelected
Democrats extend control over Congress

29. American Indian Policy
“Termination”
“Relocation”
Cut back Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
Termination and Relocation fail
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30. Total Urban and Rural Indian Population in the United States, 1940-1970
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31. Growth of Spanish Speaking Populations
Immigration from Puerto Rico
Bracero program
"Operation Wetback“
Salt of the Earth (1954)
League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
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32. Urban-Suburban Issues
“Redlining”
Federal Housing Authority
“Urban renewal” programs
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33. Debating the Role of Government
Eisenhower and moderate Republicanism
Expanded Social Security system
Raised minimum wage
Improved unemployment benefits
New Department of Health, Education and Welfare
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34. The New Conservatives Barry Goldwater William F. Buckley, Jr.
Conscience of a Conservative (1960)
William F. Buckley, Jr.
God and man at Yale
National Review
Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)
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35. Advocates of a More Active Government
Gaither Report (1957)
Henry Kissinger
Rudolf Flesch
Why Johnny Can’t Read (1955)
Sputnik (1957)
National Defense Education Act (1958)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1958)
John Kenneth Galbraith and Michael Harrington
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36. The Kennedy Years: Foreign Policy
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Groomed for political leadership
Service in Congress
House of Representatives
Senate
Jackie Kennedy
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37. The Election of 1960 John F. Kennedy vs. Richard M. Nixon
Televised debates
Kennedy campaign
"New Frontier“
Civil Rights
Flexible Response
Lyndon Johnson
Media-driven Kennedy White House
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38. Kennedy’s Foreign Policy Goals
Peace Corps
"Alliance for Progress"
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39. Cuba and Berlin Fidel Castro Bahia de Cochinas (Bay of Pigs, 1961)
Operation Mongoose
Berlin Wall (1961)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
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40. Southeast Asia and “Flexible Response”
Kennedy followed Eisenhower’s lead in supporting Diem regime
U.S. must put down communist-led “wars of national liberation” before they succeeded
Green Berets
CIA overthrow of Diem regime
Military regime installed
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41. The Kennedy Years: Domestic Policy
Kennedy was slow to depart from Eisenhower’s cautious fiscal policies
Fearful of running federal budget deficits greater than those of previous administration
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42. Policymaking Under Kennedy
Kennedy endorsed tax breaks as means of promoting economic growth
Area Redevelopment Bill (1961)
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43. The Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1963
Kennedy cautious on Civil Rights at first
“Sit-in” movement
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
“Freedom rides”
Birmingham, Alabama (1963)
“March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom” (1963)
“I Have a Dream” speech
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44. Women’s Issues Phyllis Schlafly Fannie Lou Hamer Betty Friedan
A Choice, Not an Echo (1964)
Fannie Lou Hamer
Betty Friedan
The Feminine Mystique (1963)
Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
Equal Pay Act (1963)
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45. The Assassination of John F. Kennedy
Lee Harvey Oswald
Jack Ruby
Warren Commission
Kennedy’s death source of conspiracy theories
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46. Conclusion Post-1953: cold war fears abated
Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy eased tensions with the Soviet Union
in the U.S. saw steady economic growth
Kennedy’s “New Frontier” grew out of 1950s criticisms
Issues of Vietnam, Civil Rights, and government aid to poor left for Kennedy’s successors
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