1. U4 3/11/10 Derek Nelson Aziz Daabash Amanda Mogollon Brett Michalk

2.  Introduction  Equipment Prototyping  Manufacturing Technology  Inside-Body Transduction  Simulation  Results  Future Research

3.  In the 1980’s microtechnology exploded onto the medical instrumentation and treatment scene  In the same manner the recent developments in nanotechnology have spurred many research grants in the area of nanorobotics http://ge.geglobalresearch.com/wp- content/themes/rgagrc/img/technologies/mnst_me dical_imaging_full.jpg

4.  Three main approaches for further development of nanorobots Positional nanoassembly DNA nucleic acid robots Bacteria-based nanorobots  All suffer from severe limitations Positional nanoassembly is incredibly inefficient in building nanodevices, so it can’t be used to manufacture nano- integrated circuits (ICs) The DNA approach to build nucleic acid robots is limited by complexity, the max of which is lower than required for medical applications Bacteria-based nanorobots present serious concerns because bacteria are living organisms and can self-replicate making them unsafe due to instability

5.  Which leads to the fourth option Developed for common use in medicine Requires hybrid materials, photonics, and wireless communication for nanorobot manufacturing and control  Must be achieved as an IC (shown on next slide)  This paper models for use in brain anurysms

7.  Chemical Sensor  Actuator  Power Supply  Data Transmission http://www.nanotech-now.com/columns/images/349.jpg

8.  Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-based sensors use nanowires to achieve maximum efficiency  Sensors with suspended arrays of nanowires assembled into silicon circuits  Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) serve as an ideal material for the basis of a CMOS IC nanobiosensor  For the nanorobot architecture, the antibody CAB002167 is included, which serves changes in the gradients of the brain enzymes. http://www.consulta ntlive.com/image/im age_gallery?img_id =1293779&t=122832 7485633

9.  CMOS as an actuator is based on biological patterns and CNTs are the natural choice In the same way that DNA can be used for coupling energy transfer, and proteins may serve as the basis for ionic flux, an array format based on CNTs and CMOS techniques could be used to achieve similar reactions for the nanomechanisms Cerebral aneurysm problem is identifying endothelial vessel deformation before a stroke happens http://static.rcgroups.com/forums /attachments/1/3/4/2/5/t2970368- 168-thumb-nanoact.jpg

10.  The use of CMOS for active telemetry and power supply is the most effective and secure way to ensure energy as long as necessary to keep nanorobots in operation digital bit encoded data transfer from inside a human, nanocircuits with resonant electric properties can operate as a chip to provide electromagnetic energy This allows for little energy lost in transfer http://static.materialsgate.de/image/g/gylj.jpg

11.  Using integrated sensors is the best method to read and write data in implanted devices An embedded antenna with 200 nm size for the nanorobot was used RF communication, a small loop planar device is proposed as a RFIC electromagnetic pick-up having a good matching on low noise amplifier (LNA)  based on a gold nanocrystal with 1.4 nm^3, CMOS and nanobioelectronic circuit technologies http://cricketdiane.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/0509-demo- c_x600.jpg

12.  CMOS field effect transistor (FET) and some hybrid techniques should successfully lay the foundations for the assembly processes needed to manufacture nanorobots, joint use of nanophotonic and nanotubes can achieve levels of resolution ranging from 248 to 157nm  To extend the CMOS performance improvements new materials for planar metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) and non-classical MOSFET structures are currently in development which will advance nanoelectronics and new biosensors for nanomedicine uses

13.  Analysis done by 3D simulation Detection of brain aneurysm by studying physical characteristics and fluid flow patterns in the brain. http://ijr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/4/558

14.  Why Simulate? Faster VLSI development Performance anticipation New device design (controls, hardware etc…) http://www.instablogsimages.com/images/200 9/04/23/blue-brain-simululation_vfqTM_54.jpg

15.  Physical Vessel size Flow rate through vessel Differing diffusion coefficients  Model Mathematical chemical based conputations A 3D environment including bloodstream particles, nanorobots, and the proteomic signaling http://ijr.sagepub.com/cgi/conte nt/abstract/28/4/558

16.  For the purposes of this paper: the NOS proteins will be identified using the simulation. eNOS- positive protein nNOS- associated with neurodegenerative diseases  Nanorobot will be outfitted with embedded nanoelectronic chemical sensors to detect the NOS protein accumulations which can lead to the brain aneurysm.

17.  Parameters used in the simulation: http://ijr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/4/558

18.  α=4πDRC α: capture rate D: diffusion coefficient R: radius of vessel C: chemical concentration  DΛ 2 C=υdC/dx  diffusion equation  C=Q/(2πDr)e -υ(r-x)/(2D)  These equations are used within the simulation in order to offer a correlation between the concentration, concentration gradients fluid velocity, and diffusion coefficients of the fluids in the vessels.

19.  Being guided by chemical concentration gradients of NOS, the nanorobot simulation was able to calculate and correctly identify where a brain aneurysm was developing.  However, the robot had to rely on actual nanobiosensor contact to be sure of detection. http://ijr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/4/558

20.  When the nanorobot detects NOS inside of normal levels(<1µM) it will emit a weak signal less than 50 nA.  At levels greater than 1 µM it emits a signal of greater than 90 nA.  This way, the nanorobot can be tracked while in the bloodstream and the aneurysm can be located by an external receiver. http://ijr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/4/558

21.  The more nanorobots that send the signal, the stronger and relavent that signal is. If a large amount of signals are received, then it is a safe bet to assume that an aneurysm is present at that particular location.  These two graphs show the electromagnetic tracking of the nanorobot positions http://ijr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/4/558

22.  Endovascular treatment of brain aneurysms  Arteriovenous malformations  Arteriovenous fistulas http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fistula

23.  While it is not necessary for aneurysm detection, precise trajectory motion and nanorobot collective communication would be useful for some biomedical problems, such as nanosurgery and intracellular drug delivery, and should be researched.  Put research into upgrading the chemical sensors in the nanorobot so that they can positively detect particles that are too small for current (simulated) methods to detect without actually contacting them.  Put forth the obvious research needed to allow this technology to move past the simulation level to being implemented and tested in real cases.

24.  A. Cavalcanti, B. Shirinzadeh, T. Fukuda, S. Ikeda. Nanorobot for Brain Aneurysm  A. Ummat et al. Nanorobotics