1. DEPARTMENT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
THE BIO-CHIPS +
DEEPAK KUKKAR
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
SGGSWU

2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION THE BIOCHIP TECHNOLOGY COMPONENTS OF BIOCHIP
WORKING OF A BIOCHIP
THE APPLICATIONS
TYPICAL PROBLEM OF BIOCHIPS:
A SOLUTION PROPOSED
7. CONCLUSION

3. A BIOCHIP IS A
Collection of miniaturized test sites (micro arrays) arranged on a solid substrate that permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to achieve higher throughput and speed.
Thus they act as “LAB ON A CHIP” & hence used for POINT OF CARE DETECTION purpose in diagnostic applications.

4. THE BIOCHIP TECHNOLOGY

5. THE BIOCHIP IMPLANT SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO COMPONENTS
THE TRANSPONDER
THE READER

6. BIOCHIP TRANSPONDER CONSISTS OF FOUR PARTS:
COMPUTER MICROCHIP
ANTENNA COIL
TUNING CAPACITOR
GLASS CAPSULE

7. ACTUAL SIZE OF BIOCHIP

8. BIOCHIP SYRINGE

9. THE READER
The reader consists of an "exciter" coil which creates an electromagnetic field that, via radio signals, provides the necessary energy (less than 1/1000 of a watt) to "excite" or "activate" the implanted biochip

10. Biochips are a platform that require, in addition to microarray technology, transduction and signal processing technologies to output the results of sensing experiments.

11. MICROARRAY FABRICATION
SERIAL APPROACH
Most microarrays consist of a “Cartesian grid of sensors”.
The sensors are deposited on a flat substrate, which may either be passive (e.g. silicon or glass) or active, the latter consisting of integrated electronics or micromechanical devices that perform or assist signal transduction.
Surface chemistry is used to covalently bind the sensor molecules to the substrate medium.
Various means exist to achieve the placement, but typically robotic micro-pipetting (Schena, 1995) or micro-printing (MacBeath, 1999) systems are used to place tiny spots of sensor material on the chip surface. Because each sensor is unique, only a few spots can be placed at a time. The low-throughput nature of this process results in high manufacturing costs.

12. …CONTINUED
In one study a series of microlithography steps were used to combinatorially synthesize hundreds of thousands of unique, SS DNA sensors on a substrate one nucleotide at a time.
One lithography step is needed per base type; thus, a total of four steps is required per nucleotide level. Although this technique is very powerful in that many sensors can be created simultaneously, it is currently only feasible for creating short DNA strands (15–25 nucleotides). Reliability and cost factors limit the number of photolithography steps that can be done. Furthermore, light-directed combinatorial synthesis techniques are not currently possible for proteins or other sensing molecules.

13. …CONTINUED
Sensors in these arrays typically use a universal signaling technique (e.g. fluorescence), thus making coordinates their only identifying feature. These arrays must be made using a serial process (i.e. requiring multiple, sequential steps) to ensure that each sensor is placed at the correct position.

14. RANDOM FABRICATION METHOD
The sensors are placed at arbitrary positions on the chip. The tedious and expensive positioning process is not required, enabling the use of parallelized self-assembly techniques.
In this approach, large batches of identical sensors can be produced; sensors from each batch are then combined and assembled into an array.
EXAMPLE: BEAD BASED MICROARRAYS
Each bead is uniquely encoded with a fluorescent signature. However, this encoding scheme is limited in the number of unique dye combinations that can be used and successfully differentiated.

15. THE APPLICATIONS:
With a biochip tracing of a person/animal, anywhere in the world is possible:
A biochip can store and update financial, medical, demographic data, basically everything about a person:
A biochip leads to a secured e-commerce systems :
Biochips really are potent in replacing passports, cash, and medical records :

16. MEDICINAL IMPLEMENTATIONS OF BIOCHIPS:
BIOCHIP AS GLUCOSE DETECTOR
BIOCHIP AS OXYGEN SENSOR
BIOCHIP AS A BLOOD PRESSURE SENSOR

17. CONCLUSION
. "This is science fiction stuff." ,”This is a true example to prove science really starts with fiction”.

18. Any Queries ??
or not??...
as always
THANK YOU