1. MCB 403 VIROLOGY (3 UNITS) Co-ordinator : Dr Odedara, O.O.

2. Course outlines Definition of viruses Definition of viruses Chemical and physical properties of viruses Chemical and physical properties of viruses Principles of isolation, cultivation and purification of bacteriophages Principles of isolation, cultivation and purification of bacteriophages Plant viruses endemic in Africa Plant viruses endemic in Africa Viruses and genetic engineering Viruses and genetic engineering

3. Viruses are obligate submicroscopic microorganisms Viruses are obligate submicroscopic microorganisms Physical properties of viruses include- Physical properties of viruses include- The viral symmetry The viral symmetry Presence/absence of an envelope Presence/absence of an envelope Possession of spikes Possession of spikes

4. Viral symmetry- a virus may either be an icosahedral or helical Viral symmetry- a virus may either be an icosahedral or helical Icosahedral –are spherical viruses e.g. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) genus Comovirus Icosahedral –are spherical viruses e.g. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) genus Comovirus Helical- rod shaped viruses e.g. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Helical- rod shaped viruses e.g. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Spikes – made up of glycoproteins e.g. Influenza virus Spikes – made up of glycoproteins e.g. Influenza virus

5. Envelope – Some viruses are enveloped e.g. Influenza virus Envelope – Some viruses are enveloped e.g. Influenza virus Chemical property of a virus is dependent on the type of nucleic acid a virus is possessing and the protein coat Chemical property of a virus is dependent on the type of nucleic acid a virus is possessing and the protein coat A virus can only possess either of ribonucleic acid (RNA) e.g. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) genus Cucumovirus or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) e.g. Maize streak virus (MSV). A virus can only possess either of ribonucleic acid (RNA) e.g. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) genus Cucumovirus or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) e.g. Maize streak virus (MSV).

6. Other chemical properties include Coat protein Coat protein Lipid Lipid Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Water Others such as possession of metallic ions

7. Bacteriophages Bacteria viruses are known as bacteriophages Bacteria viruses are known as bacteriophages Two types are known Two types are known -the lytic phages -the lytic phages - the temperate phages - the temperate phages The lytic types attack the host’s cell, distrupt its metabolism and cause lysis of the host cell The lytic types attack the host’s cell, distrupt its metabolism and cause lysis of the host cell

8. While the temperate phage integrates its nucleic acid into the host’s bacteria chromosome in a process called LYZOGENIZATION e.g. Lambda (λ) phage While the temperate phage integrates its nucleic acid into the host’s bacteria chromosome in a process called LYZOGENIZATION e.g. Lambda (λ) phage

9. Viruses and genetic engineering The integration of foreign genes into the genomes of a cell is called Genetic engineering The integration of foreign genes into the genomes of a cell is called Genetic engineering Some viruses can integrate their genomes into the host’s genome e.g. lambda phage Some viruses can integrate their genomes into the host’s genome e.g. lambda phage When this happens, they become latent and get reproduced alongside the host’s genome When this happens, they become latent and get reproduced alongside the host’s genome

10. Allowing their nucleic acid to be transmitted to each daughter cell from generation to generation Allowing their nucleic acid to be transmitted to each daughter cell from generation to generation This method has been found useful in genetic engineering This method has been found useful in genetic engineering For example, transferring of β-galactosidase gene from lactose positive strain of Escherichia coli to the negative strain through specialized transduction (β-galactosidase is needed for assimilation of lactose) For example, transferring of β-galactosidase gene from lactose positive strain of Escherichia coli to the negative strain through specialized transduction (β-galactosidase is needed for assimilation of lactose)

11. Plant viruses endemic in Africa Some of the plant viruses endemic in Africa include: Some of the plant viruses endemic in Africa include: Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CAbMV) genus Potyvirus Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CAbMV) genus Potyvirus Africa cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) Africa cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) genus Cucumovirus Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) genus Cucumovirus