1. EGR 334 Thermodynamics Chapter 6: Sections 6-8
Lecture 25:
Entropy and closed system analysis
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2. Today’s main concepts:
Heat transfer of an internally reversible process can be represented as an area on a T-s diagram.
Learn how to evaluate the entropy balance for a closed system
Reading Assignment:
Read Chapter 6, Sections 9-10
Homework Assignment:
Problems from Chap 6: 36, 38, 59, 66

3. Recall from last time:
Energy Balance:
Energy Rate Balance:
Entropy Balance:
Entropy Rate Balance:

4. Entropy Balance for Closed Systems
where the subscript b indicates the integral is evaluated at the system boundary.
change of
entropy
entropy
transfer
entropy
production
Unlike mass and energy balances, the entropy balance doesn’t represent a conserved quantity.
= 0 (no irreversibilities present within the system)
> 0 (irreversibilities present within the system)
< 0 (impossible) s:

5. Change of Entropy of the System
As seen in the previous lecture, ∆S = S2-S1, represents a difference of state properties and may be evaluated by
-- looking up s values on substance property tables.
-- applying Tds relationships for ideal gas
If two or more properties of the end states of a process are known, then the Change of Entropy per unit mass, ∆s, is completely defined and discernible.

6. Entropy Transfer
Consider the Entropy Transfer term of the Entropy Balance. On a differential basis it can expressed
This expression indicates that when a closed system undergoing an internally reversible process receives energy by heat transfer, the system experiences an increase in entropy. Conversely, when energy is removed by heat transfer, the entropy of the system decreases. From these considerations, we say that entropy transfer accompanies heat transfer. The direction of the entropy transfer is the same as the heat transfer.

7. Entropy and Heat Transfer
In an internally reversible, adiabatic process (no heat transfer), entropy remains constant. Such a constant- entropy process is called an isentropic process.
Rearranging the differential expression gives
which can be integrated from state 1 to state 2,

8. Entropy and Heat Transfer
Consider how this integral would represented on a T-S diagram:
An energy transfer by heat to a closed system during an internally reversible process is represented by an area on a temperature-entropy diagram:

9. In the Carnot Cycle, only the constant temperature
6.6&7 : Entropy and Closed Systems
For the Carnot cycle:
What does the area represent?
What does the area represent?
Carnot Work:
Carnot Heat Transfer:
In the Carnot Cycle, only the constant temperature
processes contribute to Heat (and Entropy) transfer.

10. For the Carnot cycle: 6.6&7 : Entropy and Closed Systems
(note that Q41 is negative)

11. Entropy Balance for Closed Systems
That s has a value of zero when there are no internal irreversibilities and is positive when irreversibilities are present within the system leads to the interpretation that s accounts for entropy produced (or generated) within the system by action of irreversibilities.
Expressed in words, the entropy balance is
change in the amount
of entropy contained
within the system
during some
time interval
net amount of
entropy transferred in
across the system boundary
accompanying heat transfer
during some time interval
amount of
entropy produced +

12. A general approach to analyze a Closed System with entropy balance.
Step 1: Identify properties at each state including T, p, v, u, x, and s.
Step 2: Apply 1st law and attempt to evaluate ∆U, Q, and W for each process.
Step 3: Write the 2nd Law (Entropy balance) and attempt to evaluate ∆S and ΣQ/T for each process. Usually σ will be determined from σ = ∆S - ΣQ/T
Step 4: Explain the significance of σ.

13. Since the expansion occurs adiabatically,
Example: One kg of water vapor contained within a piston-cylinder assembly, initially at 5 bar, 400oC, undergoes an adiabatic expansion to a state where pressure is 1 bar and the temperature is (a) 200oC, (b) 100oC. Using the entropy balance, determine the nature of the process in each case.
Boundary
Since the expansion occurs adiabatically,
Q  and entropy balance reduces to give 1 2 →
m(s2 – s1) = s
Find property values:
using m = 1 kg and Table A-4 get s1 = kJ/kg∙K.

14. s = (1 kg)(7.3614 – 7.7938) kJ/kg∙K = –0.4324 kJ/K
Example 1 continued:
(a) At p = 1 bar and T = 200 deg C.
Table A-4 gives, s2 = kJ/kg∙K.
then
s = (1 kg)( – ) kJ/kg∙K = kJ/K
s = m(s2 – s1)
(Since s is positive, irreversibilities are present within the system during expansion )
(b) At p = 1 bar and T = 100 deg C.
Table A-4 gives, s2 = kJ/kg∙K.
then
s = (1 kg)( – ) kJ/kg∙K = – kJ/K
s = m(s2 – s1)
(Since s is negative, expansion (b) is impossible.
It cannot occur adiabatically.)

15. < 0 < 0 ≥ 0 = + Example 1 continued:
Just a little more analysis of part b)
The result of part b was that s is negative.
The process cannot occur adiabatically.
< 0
< 0
≥ 0 = +
Since s cannot be negative and
For expansion in (part b) DS is negative, then
By inspection the integral must be negative and so heat transfer from the system must occur in expansion (b).

16. Entropy Rate Balance for Closed Systems
Some problems are presented in the form of a closed system entropy rate balance given by
where
the time rate of change of the entropy of the system
the time rate of entropy transfer through the portion of the boundary whose temperature is Tj
time rate of entropy production due to irreversibilities within the system

17. Example 2:
An inventor claims that the device shown generates electricity at a rate of 100 kJ/s while receiving a heat transfer of energy at a rate of 250 kJ/s at a temperature of 500 K, receiving a second heat transfer at a rate of 350 kJ/s at 700 K, and discharging energy by heat transfer at a rate of 500 kJ/s at a temperature of 1000 K. Each heat transfer is positive in the direction of the accompanying arrow. For operation at steady state, evaluate this claim.

18. Applying an energy rate balance at steady state
Example 2 continued:
Applying an energy rate balance
at steady state
Solving
The claim is in accord with the first law of thermodynamics.
Applying an entropy rate balance at steady state
Solving
Since σ is negative, the claim is not in accord with the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics and is therefore denied. ∙

19. Example 3 (6.14):
One kilogram of water contained in a piston-cylinder assembly, initially at 160°C, 150 kPa undergoes an isothermal compression process to saturated liquid. For the process, W= –471.5 kJ. Determine for the process.
Sketch the process on a T-s diagram.
The heat transfer, in kJ
The change in entropy in kJ/K
The entropy generated in the process. T s
State 1: T1= 160 oC
p1 = 150 kPa = 1.50 bar
super heated vapor T s 1 2
State 2: T2= T1 =160 oC
sat. liquid.

20. W= –471.5 kJ. b) find the heat transfer
Example 3 (6.14): One kilogram of water contained in a piston-cylinder assembly, initially at 160°C,150 kPa undergoes an isothermal expansion from compression process to saturated liquid. For the process,
W= –471.5 kJ. b) find the heat transfer
State 1 2
T (°C)
160
p (kPa)
1.50 x SH
u (kJ/kg
s (kJ/kg K)
State 1 2
T (°C)
160
p (kPa)
150
617.8 x SH
u (kJ/kg
2595.2
674.86
s (kJ/kg K)
7.4665
1.9427
Look up the rest of the state properties.
Then apply the 1st Law.
(c) To find the change in entropy

21. (d) To find the entropy generation
Example 3 (6.14): One kilogram of water contained in a piston-cylinder assembly, initially at 160°C,150 kPa undergoes an isothermal compression process to saturated liquid. For the process, W= –471.5 kJ. Determine for the process.
State 1 2
T (°C)
160
p (kPa)
150
617.8 x SH
u (kJ/kg
2595.2
674.86
s (kJ/kg K)
7.4665
1.9427
(d) To find the entropy generation
where
What does this mean? Process had no irreversibilities

22. Any process where the entropy does not change is called isentropic.
6.11 : Isentropic Processes
States may be given as having the same entropy (two-phase, saturated vapor, superheated vapor)
Any process where the entropy does not change is called isentropic.

23. Consider isentropic process for an ideal gas
6.11 : Isentropic Processes
Consider isentropic process for an ideal gas
Starting with
Next with
and
and
thus
thus
and
An isentropic process is a type of polytropic process

24. Process 2 – 3 : Isentropic expansion to p3 = 1 bar.
Example (6.27): Air in a piston-cylinder assembly and modeled as an ideal gas undergoes two internally reversible processes in series from State 1 where T1 = 290 K, p1 = 1 bar.
Process 1 – 2 : Compression to p2 = 5 bar during which pV1.19 = constant
Process 2 – 3 : Isentropic expansion to p3 = 1 bar.
Sketch the two processes on T-s coordinates
Determine the temperature at State 2 in K
Determine the net work in kJ
1 bar 2 1 3
5 bar
290 K
Air T S T S

25. Example (6.27): Air in a piston-cylinder assembly and modeled as an ideal gas undergoes two internally reversible processes in series from state 1 where T1 = 290 K, p1 = 1 bar.
Process 1 – 2 : Compression to p2 = 5 bar during which pV1.19 = constant
Process 2 – 3 : Isentropic expansion to p3 = 1 bar.
Sketch the two processes on T-s coordinates
Determine the temperature at state 2 in K
Determine the net work in kJ
Process 1-2:
ideal gas:
polytropic:

26. Process 2 – 3 : Isentropic expansion to p3 = 1 bar.
Example (6.27):
Process 1 – 2 : Compression to p2 = 5 bar during which pV1.19 = constant
Process 2 – 3 : Isentropic expansion to p3 = 1 bar.
Find the state properties
State 1 2 3
T (K)
290
375
p (bar) 5
u (kJ/kg)
206.91
s °(kJ/kg K)
State 1 2 3
T (K)
290
375
p (bar) 5
u (kJ/kg)
s °(kJ/kg K)
State 1: p1 = 1 bar
T1 = 290 K
State 2: p2 = 5 bar
T2 = 375 K
State 3: p3 = 1 bar
s3 = s2
From Table A-22: at T = 290 K: u =
so =
From Table A-22: at T = 375 K: u =
so =

27. Process 2 – 3 : Isentropic expansion to p3 = 1 bar.
Example (6.27):
Process 2 – 3 : Isentropic expansion to p3 = 1 bar.
State 1 2 3
T (K)
290
375
236.83
p (bar) 5
u (kJ/kg)
206.91
168.86
s °(kJ/kg K)
State 1 2 3
T (K)
290
375
p (bar) 5
u (kJ/kg)
206.91
s °(kJ/kg K)
At State 3:
From Table A-22: for so= find T and u
T3 = K and u3 = kJ/kg

28. Example (6.27): (c) Determine the net work in kJ
Process ΔU Q W
1 – 2
2 – 3
Process ΔU Q W
1 – 2
+61.2
-67.2
-128.4
2 – 3
State 1 2 3
T (K)
290
375
636.82
p (bar) 5
u (kJ/kg)
206.91
168.86
s °(kJ/kg K)
Process 1 – 2:
where

29. Example (6.27): State 1 2 3 T (K) 290 375 236.82 P (bar) 5 u (kJ/kg)
206.91
168.86
s °(kJ/kg K)
Process ΔU Q W
1 – 2
+61.2
-67.2
-128.4
2 – 3
Process ΔU Q W
1 – 2
+61.2
-67.2
-128.4
2 – 3
-99.2
+99.2
Process 2-3:
where
Net Work over both processes:

30. Energy is neither created nor destroyed.
6.8 : Directionality of Processes
Second Law statement: “It is impossible for a system to operate such that entropy is destroyed.”
This can be seen in the entropy balance, but first look at the energy balance.
Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

31. End of Slides for Lecture 25