1. Threatened, Endangered, and Extinct Species Chapter 7 Lesson 7.1

2. PA Academic Standards for Environment & Ecology Standard 4.7.10.A Explain the significance of diversity in ecosystems. Explain the significance of diversity in ecosystems. Explain the role that specific organisms have in their ecosystem. Explain the role that specific organisms have in their ecosystem. Identify a species and explain what effects its increase or decline might have on the ecosystem.Identify a species and explain what effects its increase or decline might have on the ecosystem. Identify a species and explain how its adaptations are related to its niche in the environment.Identify a species and explain how its adaptations are related to its niche in the environment.

3. Learning Objectives Students will explain the role that specific organisms have in their ecosystems.Students will explain the role that specific organisms have in their ecosystems. Students will identify a species and explain what effects an increase or decline in its numbers might have on the ecosystem.Students will identify a species and explain what effects an increase or decline in its numbers might have on the ecosystem.

4. Theme Outline Lesson 7.1 Biodiversity Biodiversity Interactions Among Organisms in an Ecosystem Interactions Among Organisms in an Ecosystem

5. Biodiversity Scientists have discovered about 1.75 million species on Earth.Scientists have discovered about 1.75 million species on Earth. Scientists estimate that there may be as many as 100 million species, yet to be discovered and catalogued.Scientists estimate that there may be as many as 100 million species, yet to be discovered and catalogued. The number of species on Earth is constantly changing, as new species are found and known species disappear without notice.The number of species on Earth is constantly changing, as new species are found and known species disappear without notice.

6. Extinct Definition : species that no longer existsDefinition : species that no longer exists Scientists estimate that as many as 99.9% of all species that ever lived on Earth are now extinct.Scientists estimate that as many as 99.9% of all species that ever lived on Earth are now extinct. Extinction is a natural process.Extinction is a natural process. Extinction rates have accelerated because of human activities, with ecosystems affects yet to be observed.Extinction rates have accelerated because of human activities, with ecosystems affects yet to be observed.

7. Biodiversity Definition : variety of living organisms on EarthDefinition : variety of living organisms on Earth Diversity occurs on a variety of levelsDiversity occurs on a variety of levels Genetic Genetic Species Species Ecosystem Ecosystem

8. Biodiversity: Vascular Plants Species as an Index

9. Genetic Diversity Biodiversity: Genetic Diversity Living organisms contain a "history" of specific genes from their ancestry line, which makes individual living organisms of the same species different from one another in some genetic ways. In fact, there are no exact duplicates of any (naturally created) living organism. One thing that all living organisms share in similarity is that they can all reproduce. If an entire species could not reproduce, it would become extinct. Genetic diversity gives species the ability to adapt to changing environments, including new pests and diseases and new climatic conditions.

10. Species Diversity Biodiversity: Species Diversity Species Diversity An assessment of the number of species present, their relative abundance in an area, and the distribution of individuals among the species.

11. Biodiversity: Ecosystem Diversity Ecosystem A functional unit consisting of all the living organisms (plants, animals, and microbes) in a given area, and all the non-living physical and chemical factors of their environment, linked together through nutrient cycling and energy flow. An ecosystem can be of any size – a log, pond, field, forest, or the earth’s biosphere – but it always functions as a whole unit. Ecosystems are commonly described according to the major type of vegetation.

12. Biodiversity in Pennsylvania What does biodiversity look like in Pennsylvania ecosystems? 45.8% Insects 45.8% Insects 23.5% Plants and Algae 23.5% Plants and Algae 16.5% Fungi and Lichens 16.5% Fungi and Lichens 3.2% Vertebrates 3.2% Vertebrates 3.6% Protists 3.6% Protists 7.4% Non-Insect Invertebrates 7.4% Non-Insect Invertebrates

13. Interactions Among Organisms in an Ecosystem  Predator – Prey  Symbiotic Relationships  Parasitism  Mutualism  Commensalism

14. Predator-Prey Interactions An organism of one species (the predator) eats a living organism of another species (the prey). An organism of one species (the predator) eats a living organism of another species (the prey).

15. Other ecosystem relationships… Symbiosis ParasitismParasitism MutualismMutualism CommensalismCommensalism

16. Symbiosis Definition: relationship in which organisms live closely together over a long period of time

17. Other ecosystem relationships… Symbiosis ParasitismParasitism MutualismMutualism CommensalismCommensalism

18. Parasitism Definition: relationship in which one species, the parasite, feeds on a second organism, the host

19. Other ecosystem relationships… Symbiosis ParasitismParasitism MutualismMutualism CommensalismCommensalism

20. Mutualism Definition: symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit Example: pollination between an insect and flower

21. Mutualism : Lichens What is a lichen? It is an alga and a fungus the grow together. It is an alga and a fungus the grow together. Role: Alga undergo photosynthesis and produce food for the lichen.Role: Alga undergo photosynthesis and produce food for the lichen. Role: Fungus collect minerals and water for theRole: Fungus collect minerals and water for the lichen. lichen.

22. Other ecosystem relationships… Symbiosis Parasitism Parasitism Mutualism Mutualism Commensalism Commensalism

23. Commensalism Definition: relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is not affected Example: Remoras in marine ecosystemsExample: Remoras in marine ecosystems Example: Oxpecker in terrestrial ecosystemsExample: Oxpecker in terrestrial ecosystems

24. Summary of Symbiotic Relationships Parasitism+- Mutualism++ Commensalism+O Coding: “+” is a benefit or advantage “-” is not beneficial or a disadvantage “o” is a neutral. Neither positive or negative

25. Summary of Ecosystem Relationships Parasitism+- Mutualism++ Commensalism+O Competition-- Predation+- Coding: “+” is a benefit or advantage “-” is not beneficial or a disadvantage “o” is a neutral. Neither positive or negative