1. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

2. DIAGNOSING DISORDERS

3. WHEN IS IT A DISORDER? World Health Organization (WHO) reports (2008) that some 450 million people suffer from mental or behavioral disorders. Psychological disorders are patterns of thoughts, feelings or behaviors that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional. (Standards for “deviant” will vary by culture and time; for example, in the case of homosexuality.) To classify disorders, we use the DSM-V Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illness

4. ANXIETY DISORDERS

5. DISORDERS THAT SHARE FEATURES OF EXCESSIVE and PERSISTENT FEAR AND ANXIETY FEAR: response to real or perceived eminent threat ANXIETY: anticipation of future threat SYMPTOMS MAY INCLUDE: WORRY, TREMBLING, MUSCLE TENSION, DIARRHEA, DIZZINESS, FAINTNESS, HEART PALPATATIONS, DIFFICULTY BREATHING, CHEST PAIN, FEAR WITH NO KNOW CAUSE OR WITH A KNOWN CAUSE (PHOBIAS) COMORBIDITY: simultaneous presence of 2 or more psych. disorders

6. ANXIETY DISORDERS INCLUDE: GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER, SPECIFIC PHOBIC DISORDERS, SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER, AGORAPHOBIA, PANIC DISORDER; in children: SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER & SELECTIVE MUTISM SUBSTANCE INDUCED ANXIETY DISORDERS OR DUE TO ANOTHER MEDICAL CONDITION OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER has been reassigned to it’s own catgeory POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER(PTSD) has been reassigned to a category known as TRAUMA- AND STRESSOR- RELATED DISORDERS

7. ANXIETY DISORDERS Anxiety disorders may arise due to biological reasons such as varying levels of neurotransmitters possibly influence by hormonal changes. They can also be sustained from conditioning (learning) and compulsive behaviors (which reduce the uncomfortable feelings of the anxiety) reinforce themselves.

8. ANXIETY DISORDERS Treatments options Anti-depressants or sometimes anti-anxiety meds such as prozac, zoloft, xanax, valium, etc. Biofeedback…learn your body’s signs; EEG and brain stimulation can be utilized, too. Counterconditioning: pair stimulus with NEW response Exposure therapy: expose them to what they fear Systematic desensitization (Wolpe) is gradual; flooding is dramatic Virtual reality exposure therapy (PTSD)

9. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE & RELATED DISORDERS TERMS TO KNOW: OBSESSIONS ARE REACURRING THOUGHTS COMPULSIONS ARE BEHAVIORS INCLUDES OCD BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER HOARDING DISORDER HAIR-PULLING (TRICHOTILLOMANIA) SKIN-PICKING (EXCORIATION) SUBSTANCE INDUCED…

10. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE & RELATED DISORDERS TREATMENTS Anti-depressants or sometimes anti-anxiety meds such as prozac, zoloft, xanax, valium, etc. Counterconditioning OR re-conditioning: pair stimulus with NEW response Cognitive-behavioral therapy: address the thoughts (obsessions) as well as the behaviors (compulsions)

11. FEEDING & EATING DISORDERS ANOREXIA NERVOSA BULIMIA NERVOSA PICA- eating nonnutritive, nonfood substances AVOIDANT/RESTRICTIVE FOOD INTAKE DISORDER BINGE-EATING DISORDER- recurrent episodes of binge eating.

12. EATING DISORDERS

14. TREATMENTS Depending on the severity of the disorder, hospitalization or a residential treatment facility (6 weeks or longer) may be necessary If it is stemming from anxiety and/or OCD medications may prove helpful, especially anti- depressants Cognitive-behavioral therapy will address both thoughts and behaviors so it is the most effective

15. MOOD DISORDERS DISORDERS MARKED BY EMOTIONAL DISTRUBANCES OF VARIED KINDS THAT MAY SPILL OVER TO DISRUPT PHYSICAL, PERCEPTUAL, SOCIAL, AND THOUGHT PROCESSES ARE OFTEN EPISODIC 2 TYPES: UNIPOLAR (Depressive) AND BIPOLAR OFTEN DIAGNOSED IN TERMS OF FREQUENCY OF EPISODE AND DEGREE

16. MOOD DISORDERS DEPRESSIVEBIPOLAR

17. MOOD DISORDERS MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (severe depressive mood for over 2 weeks, maybe paired with suicidal thoughts/actions), DYSTHYMIC DISORDER (chronic depression for over 2 years), BIPOLAR DISORDER (FORMERLY KNOWN AS MANIC-DEPRESSIVE) (alternating low depressed mood and elevated, manic mood) Symptoms of depression and vary in extremes as can symptoms of mania…often mania appears to be a positive reprieve from the depression but it may lead a person to behave extremely and dangerously

18. MOOD DISORDERS Because mood disorders involve extreme emotions and our emotions are influenced by our thoughts, cognitive therapies are often helpful. Cognitive-behavioral therapy attempts to alter the way people think and the way they behave. It attempts to replace irrational thoughts with more adaptive thoughts and to develop a more positive approach to everyday settings.

19. MOOD DISORDERS Anti-depressant medications are also helpful. SSRI’s such as Prozac are some of the most widely prescribed medications to help treat psychological symptoms. For BIPOLAR DISORDER lithium is a key drug to help stabilize moods.

20. SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

21. PHYSICAL AILMENTS THAT CANNOT BE FULLY EXPLAINED BY ORGANIC CONDITIONS AND ARE LARGELY DUE TO PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS Do not assume that they are faking their illnesses, though! malingering is a term for disorders that are faked and fit into a different category.

22. SOMATOFORM DISORDERS INCLUDE: SOMATIZATION DISORDER: history of multiple physical symptoms but are not due to a physical disorder or injury; ex: stress induced illness CONVERSION DISORDER: one or more symptoms or deficits affecting voluntary movement and sensory functioning, neurological in nature HYPOCHONDRIASIS: preoccupation with the fear or belief that one has a serious physical disease based on incorrect/exaggerated interpretation of symptoms BODY DISMORPHIC DISORDER: excessive preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance (shares features with OCD)

23. SOMATOFORM DISORDERS In some cultures it is more acceptable to seek treatment for physical ailments than psychological ones. To treat somatoform disorders, Freud utilized free association in hopes the underlying problem would be revealed. (hysteria was a name used for what is now known as conversion disorder) Cognitive behavioral therapy is common to help people manage their out of control thoughts, especially in the case of hypochondria. Counterconditioning is helpful if being sick has been routinely reinforced. Start reinforcing being healthy.

24. DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

25. CLASS OF DISORDERS IN WHICH PEOPLE LOSE CONTACT WITH PORTIONS OF THEIR CONSCIOUSNESS OR MEMORY, RESULTING IN DISRUPTIONS IN THEIR SENSE OF IDENTITY. SYMPTOMS MAY INCLUDE: NEGATIVE: “LOSING TIME,” MEMORY DEFICITS, POSITIVE: DEVELOPMENT OF DIFFERENT PERSONALITIES, UNEXPLAINED TRAVEL

26. DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS INCLUDE: AMNESIA, DEPERSONALIZATION/DEREALIZATION DISORDER, AND DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER (DID). D.I.D. IS OFTEN CONFUSED WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA BUT THEY ARE CLINICALLY NOT ALIKE AT ALL. Often dissociative disorders occur in conjunction with anxiety, personality, and mood disorders. FUGUE (unexplained travel) may accompany D.I.D. is often linked to severe childhood trauma, it is theorized that the development of alternate identities is a defense mechanism for coping with trauma.

27. DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS Often associated with trauma, and trauma disorders sometimes illustrate dissociation. Similar treatments may be effective Stress enhances symptoms, therefore, stress management techniques are critical In dealing with dissociative disorders traditional talk therapy is used as well as family therapy. Hypnosis has been utilized, but this therapy is as controversial as the diagnosis. Medications are typically not effective.

28. SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM & OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS

29. Define by abnormalities in one of the following: Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized thinking (speech) Abnormal motor behavior (catatonia) Negative symptoms (loss or lack of adaptive behaviors) SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS MAY INCLUDE: HEARING OF VOICES, EMOTIONALLY VOLATILE, IRRATIONAL THOUGHTS, DISREGARD FOR PERSONAL HYGIENE, DELUSIONAL THOUGHTS DELUSIONS are false beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality.

30. SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS May illustrate as: PARANOID, CATATONIC, DISORGANIZED, AND UNDIFFERENTIATED Paranoid type is dominated by delusions of persecution and grandeur Catatonic is marked by striking motor disturbances Disorganized type is evident by severe deterioration of adaptive behavior POSITIVE SYMPTOMS ARE THE PRESENCE OF SYMPTOMS & NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS ARE THE ABSENCE OF NORMAL BEHAVIORS.

31. SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS Schizophrenia has been linked to excessive amounts of dopamine receptors, and it is assumed that it is the high levels of dopamine contribute to positive symptoms such as hallucinations. Dopamine blocking medications prove to be helpful with these symptoms. Abnormal brain activity a various places may also be a factor in schizophrenia. Sometimes electro-convulsive shock therapy has been attempted to help treat. There are strong hereditary links to schizophrenia

32. PERSONALITY DISORDERS

33. EXTREME, INFLEXIBLE PERSONALITY TRAITS THAT CAUSE SUBJECTIVE DISTRESS OR IMPAIRED SOCIAL AND OCCUPATIONAL FUNCTIONING Can be a contributing factor to the development of other disorders. COMORBIDITY Some overlap of symptoms, so may be difficult to distinguish from similar disorders. DSM-V recognizes 10 different personality disorders.

34. PERSONALITY DISORDERS ANXIOUS/FEARFUL CLUSTER INCLUDES: AVOIDANT, DEPENDENT, & OBSESSIVE- COMPULSIVE ODD/ECCENTRIC CLUSTER INCLUDE: SCHIZOID, SCHIZOTYPAL, PARANOID DRAMATIC/IMPULSIVE CLUSTER INCLUDES: HISTRIONIC (extremely dramatic, needs to be center of attention), NARCISSISTIC (extremely self absorbed with a sense of superiority), BORDERLINE (extreme emotions, fear of abandonment, difficulty relationships), AND ANTISOCIAL (disregard for the value of others, deceitful, maybe violent or criminal)

35. PERSONALITY DISORDERS Often people with personality disorders don’t recognize that there is a problem until it involves others. Treatment is difficult. Group or family therapy: This approach is helpful in drawing attention to behaviors by one that are causing distress in others. Genetics has shown to be linked in people with personality disorders (most studied is antisocial). Drug and alcohol abuse is often an issue, so treatments for this behavior could be helpful as well.

36. N EURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS

37. There are a wide range of disorders and symptoms illustrated in this category. What ties them all together is that symptoms are seen early on and therefore diagnosis will occur in childhood. Examples include: Autism spectrum disorder, Tourette’s syndrome (under “Motor disorders”), ADD/ADHD, specific learning disorder, communication disorders, intellectual disabilities

38. NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS Autism: a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind. Asperger’s: is a disorder that falls on the “autism spectrum.” It is considered a “high functioning” form of autism, marked by normal intelligence but deficits in social interactions and communication are apparent. Genetic and prenatal factors seem to contribute to the development of autism. Treatment options range based on the severity of the disorder.

39. NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS Tourette’s syndrome has also been consider a part of the autism spectrum, but I don’t believe all experts agree on this. Symptoms include repetitive behaviors, AKA “tics” that can take the form of verbal words or physical actions (hand flapping, head, shoulder, or facial twitching) Biofeedback…knowing one’s triggers is effective treatment

40. NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS Attention deficit disorder (with or w/o hyperactivity) is diagnosed when a range of symptoms are illustrated which can include impulsivity, hyperactivity, and extreme inattention. Health care professionals have been guilty of over diagnosing this disorder, so improvements have been made in helping them make more proper diagnosis. Common treatment includes the use of stimulants such as Ritalin. Behavioral therapy including impulse control is important, too.

41. DISRUPTIVE, IMPULSE-CONTROL, CONDUCT DISORDERS Oppositional defiant disorder is marked by outward behaviors of anger, aggression, and hostility and typically directed at authority figures. These children have extreme difficulty complying with rules and often challenge adults. Treatments typically include family therapy to teach children and parents how to work with one another. Also, behavioral modification and rewarding the child when they are compliant can be effective.

42. DISRUPTIVE, IMPULSE-CONTROL, CONDUCT DISORDERS OTHERS INCLUDE: Conduct disorder (childhood vs. adolescent onset) Antisocial personality disorder Pyromania Kleptomania

43. NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS

44. DEMENTIA Is a symptom, not a disorder in itself. Dementia is the erosion of mental function and can be a result of stroke, tumors, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and drug/alcohol abuse.