1. Kingdom Plantae

2. Overview Organized into Divisions rather than phyla
Autotrophic Eukaryotes
First group of truly multi-cellular organisms
Allows for specialization and organization of structures!
Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems
Organized into Divisions rather than phyla
12 major divisions

3. Evolution Believed to have evolved from a freshwater green alga
Similarities:
contain chlorophyll a and b
store carbohydrates as starch
have cell walls of cellulose
Major evolutionary advancements include the development of:
embryo protection
vascular tissue
seeds
flowers

4. Evolution – cont’d
Fig. 29.1

5. Reproduction - Terminology
Haploid (1N)
half chromosome count
Diploid (2N)
full chromosome count
Mitosis
generates identical cells
Meiosis
divides diploid cells to haploid cells
Spore
haploid cell
develops into a sex-cell producing structure
Gamete
haploid “sex cell”,
will fuse with another gamete
Zygote
First cell formed after fusion (fertilization)
Diploid

6. Characteristic Reproduction Alternation of Generations
ALL plants exhibit two multicellular stages in life cycle
Gametophyte
Haploid (1N)
Gamete producing stage (mitosis)
Gametes fuse 2N zygote  sporophyte
Sporophyte
Diploid (2N)
Spore producing stage (meiosis)
Spores are 1N  develop into gametophyte

7. Alternation of generations cont’d
Fig. 29.2

8. Alternation of Generations cont’d
Different plants exhibit variations of the generalized life-cycle
Dominant phase changes
primitive plants = gametophyte dominant
advanced plants = sporophyte dominant
Only phase capable of forming vascular tissue

9. Size of the gametophyte versus the sporophyte
Alternation of Generations cont’d
Size of the gametophyte versus the sporophyte

10. Division Bryophyta Non- Vascular Plants

11. Bryophytes - Overview Non – Vascular Plants
Lack vascular tissue
specialized tissues or organs for transport of water and nutrients
Do not have true roots, stems, or leaves
Gametophyte is the dominant generation
Sporophyte is attached to the gametophyte and derives nourishment from it
Sperm must swim to egg for fertilization
Representative Organsims
Mosses, hornworts and liverworts

12. Bryophytes cont’d Turn and talk to your neighbour...
What impact would these characteristics have on the growth and development of these plants?

13. Bryophytes – cont’d Must live in a moist environment
Rely on diffusion and osmosis for nutrients
Limits the ability of the organism to grow to a large size
All plant parts must have direct access to nutrients and water

14. Bryophytes – Structure
Simplified plant structure
No true organs.
Rhizoids
Root like filaments
Limited anchoring
Limited absorption

15. Bryophytes – Structure
Stalk
Elongated cells
Helps with the osmosis of water between cells
Leaf-like appendages
Large flat structures
not a true leaf

16. Liverwort, Marchantia
Fig. 29.4

17. Moss life cycle
Fig. 29.5

18. Bryophyte Reproduction
Asexually – fragmentation
Sexually -

19. Sphagnum Moss AKA - Peat Moss Fuel source
Can be cut into 'bricks' and used for heating.
Newfoundland has large peat resources
Over millions of years peat is compressed and forms coal

20. Sphagnum Moss Has high absorption capabilities Antiseptic properties
Used in gardening, oil spills and diapers
Antiseptic properties
Very low pH
Used as wound dressing in WWI

21. Vascular Plants

22. Vascular Plants Tracheophytes
Land dwelling plants
Have specialized structures for the transport of nutrients and water
Vascular Tissue!
Artificially divided into two major groups,
Seedless vascular plants
Seed plants
Official division is into many more groups.

23. Division Pteridophyta
Seedless Vascular Plants
Representative Organisms - Ferns

24. Pteridophytes Pioneer Plants (with mosses)
Able to grow in adverse conditions
Bare rock, or limited soil
Highly acidic soil, after forest fires
Often first multi-cellular organisms to grow in an area
Help to create growing conditions for other plants

25. Pteridophyte Structure
Fronds
Leafy portion
Rhizomes
Barely visible stem
Grows horizontal to surface
Roots
Fiddleheads
Early stage of new fronds

26. Pteridophyte Asexual Reproduction
Fragmentation
Several clumps of fronds result from one plant
If the Rhizome connecting them is split, each clump will survive

27. Pteridophyte Sexual Reproduction
Alternation of Generations
Spores produced under fronds in structures called sori

28. Pteridophyte Sexual Reproduction
Gametophyte
Gametophyte with early development of sporophyte

29. Fern life cycle
Fig

30. Vascular Seed Plants

31. Overview Plants that reproduce using seeds Evolutionary advantage
Seed contains a sporophyte embryo and stored food
Allows survival until conditions are favorable for germination

32. Overview cont’d Two main groups Gymnosperms Angiosperms
gymno = naked; sperma = seed
ovule not completely enclosed by diploid tissue
seeds develop on the surface of the sporophyte
Angiosperms
angio = vessel, receptacle, container
ovule completely enclosed within diploid sporophyte tissue (ovary) which becomes a fruitseeds

33. Gymnosperms – Representative Organisms
Conifers
Spruce, Cedar
Grow in all climate zones and on all continents except Antarctica.
Economically important
Pulp and paper
Gnetophytes
Ephedra is only species in N. America
Adapted to hot temperatures
Other gymnosperms
Cycads
Gingkoes
Only one surviving species-Gingko biloba, the maidenhair tree
Fleshy seeds give off foul odor
Resistant to pollution-often used in ornamental plantings
Used in herbal remedies
Gnetophytes
Ephedra is only species in N. America
Adapted to hot temperatures

34. Gymnosperms – Representative Organisms
Gingkophytes
One surviving species-Gingko biloba, the maidenhair tree
Fleshy seeds give off foul odor
Resistant to pollution-often used in ornamental plantings
Used in herbal remedies
Cycads
Resemble palms or ferns
Pollen or seed cones grow on top of long vertical stem
Plentiful in Mesozoic era at the time of dinosaurs

35. Gymnosperms - Structure
Generally Evergreen
Don’t drop leaves each year
Leaves
Thin, needle-like
Have thick waxy outer coat
Roots
Shallow roots
Cover wide area

36. Conifer- Reproduction
Conifers are dioecious
Generate both male and female cones
Exhibit heterospory
Two types of spores , which produce female (♀) and male (♂) gametophytes
Pollen grains = ♂ gametophyte
Pollination – deposition of pollen on a ♀ gametophyte
Pollen tube – sperm pass through pollen tube to reach ovule
No water required as it is in previous groups
♀ gametophyte develops within ovule
Exhibit heterospory
Two types of spores – produce two types of gametophytes, male and female
Pollen grains – male gametophyte
Pollination – deposition of pollen on a female gametophyte
Pollen tube – sperm pass through pollen tube to reach ovule
No water required as it is in previous groups
Female gametophyte develops within ovule
Follow the pine life cycle on the following slide

37. Pine life cycle
Fig

38. Conifers- Adaptations
Adapted to cold, dry weather
Pollen cones and seed cones are adaptations to land
Needle-shaped leaves have small surface area-decreases water loss
Also have a thick cuticle and recessed stomata
Wood is used in construction and for making paper
Resins are used for production of chemicals