1. By Aminu Tukur Chem 210 Presentation Dr Wan Jahng

2. Outline Background/Introduction Structure Properties Significance Hypothesis Aims Innovation Design Control of malaria Side effects

3. Background/Introduction Chloroquine: Chloroquine / ˈ kl ɔ r ə kw ɪ n/ is a 4-aminoquinoline drug used in the treatment or prevention of malaria. Chloroquine was discovered in 1934 by Hans Andersag and coworkers at the Bayer laboratories, who named it "Resochin. It was ignored for a decade because it was considered too toxic for human use.

4. Con’d It was introduced into clinical practice in 1947 for the prophylactic treatment of malaria. Before the existence of chloroquine, Dr Carl Warburg developed an antimalarial drug named Warburg’s Tincture. It was used from 1834 to 1934 when chloroquine was introduced as a substitute.

6. Structure

7. Properties Molecular Weight: 515.86 Molecular Formula: C₁₈H₂₆CIN₃.2H₃PO₄. IUPAC Name: 7-chloro-4-[[4-(diethyl amino)-1- methylbutyl]amino]quinoline phosphate State: Solid Solubility: soluble in water Taste: Bitter Color: White

8. Significance of Chloroquine: The main use of chloroquine is treatment of malaria. It is also used not only to treat malaria but also to prevent and control malaria.

9. Hypothesis With the availability of chloroquine in the society now, the issue of wide spread of malaria has reduced drastically. During the 19 th century, Warburg’s Tincture, mefloquine (Lariam) and doxycycline were used as an antimalarial drug but it was not as effective as chloroquine.

10. Aims Using chloroquine to treat malaria disease. To show people the significance of chloroquine as an antimalarial drug. To substitute mefloquine, doxycyclin and Warburg’s tincture with chloroquine.

11. Innovation The fact that Warburg’s tincture, mefloquine (Lariam) and doxycycline did not completely treat malaria gives us a new room to choose chloroquine as a substitute. Chloroquine then is taken as a more efficient malaria drug than mefloquine, doxycyclin and Warburg’s tincture.

12. What is Malaria? Malaria : Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a type of unicellular micro organism) of the genus Plasmodium. Commonly, the disease is transmitted via a bite from an infected female mosquito.

14. The life cycle of malaria parasites A mosquito causes infection by taking a blood meal. First, sporozoites enter the bloodstream, and migrate to the liver. They infect liver cells, where they multiply into merozoites, rupture the liver cells, and return to the bloodstream. Then, the merozoites infect red blood cells, where they develop into ring forms, trophozoites and schizonts that in turn produce further merozoites. Sexual forms are also produced, which, if taken up by a mosquito, will infect the insect and continue the life cycle

15. Malaria Control We can control malaria parasite in many ways: The use of DEEN The use of Icaridin The use of insecticide treated mosquito nets (ITNs) Indoor residual spraying (IRS)

17. Design Chloroquine was first tested for its inhibitory effect on rats before proceeding to humans. Daily administration of this anti-malarial drug to rats resulted in an appreciable reduction of the disease in rat. So it was then tested in humans.

18. Side Effects Diarrhea Blurred Vision Headache Itching (more common in black patients) loss of appetite Vomiting Stomach pain Night mares

19. Symptoms of malaria Jaundice Headache Back pain Vomiting Fever Fatigue Dry cough Dizziness.

20. Symptoms

22. References Chen, Patrick; Gombart, Z and Chen J (2011). "Chloroquine treatment of ARPE-19 cells leads to lysosome dilation and intracellular lipid accumulation: possible implications of lysosomal dysfunction in macular degeneration". Cell & Bioscience 1 (10): 10. doi:10.1186/2045-3701-1-10. http://www.drugs.com/pro/chloroquine.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroquine http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/chloroquine-for- malaria http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria https://www.google.com.ng/?gws_rd=cr&ei=yyWJUvD4Fu GD4gT6tYD4CA#q=side+effects+of+chloroquine