1. UN Peacekeeping & Human Trafficking Maria Hamdouchi & Annalise McGrail

2. Hypothesis Intervention by UN peacekeeping troops in a country decreases subsequent levels of human trafficking

3. Background: UN Controversy Suspected violation o 1992-94- Mozambique (UNOMOZ) o 1990s- Bosnia, Kosovo, Cambodia, Somalia The UN responds o 2003- zero tolerance policy o “Sexual exploitation and sexual abuse violate universally recognized international legal norms and standards and have always been unacceptable behavior and prohibited conduct for United Nations staff. Such conduct is prohibited by the United Nations Staff Regulations and Rules.”

4. Did it work?

5. Background: UN Controversy Effectiveness? o 2005- Prince Zeid Ra’ad report o → 2008-resolution A/RES/62/214 o United Nations Comprehensive Strategy on Assistance and Support to Victims of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by United Nations Staff and Related Personnel

6. Theory United Nations Peacekeeping missions increase forced prostitution related human trafficking in a country

7. Theory: Push vs. Pull Factors

8. Theory: Pull Factors ●GDP per capita (ln) ●Language fractionalization ●Information flows

9. Methodology: Data I ndependent variable → UN mission Dependent variable → destination for forced prostitution

10. Methodology: Data Dependent variable Dichotomous indicator based on a significant level of trafficking Significant= 100 or more reported cases Why? ●Exact human trafficking levels are unknown ●Observe trends rather than exact inflows

11. Methodology: Process ●Two-part model ○ Logistic regression ○ Conditional logistic regression

12. Evidence: Table A: Relationship between trafficking and presence of UN Missions

13. Concluding Remarks Hypothesis: Intervention by UN peacekeeping troops in a country decreases subsequent levels of human trafficking Background: Isolated cases of human trafficking due to UN personnel Methodology: x → UN peacekeeping intervention y → internal forced prostitution Results: Intervention decreases subsequent levels of human trafficking within three years

14. Thank you for your time. Questions?