1. Agenda: 1.Turn in your foldables 2.Take out your handwritten notes and keep them on your desk 3.Quiz 4.Lecture

2. Physical Evidence Usually Found at Violent Crime Scenes Gives Clues as to WHAT Happened May Suggest Sequence of Events Analysis MUST be placed in context of all aspects of crime scene investigation in order to reconstruct (possible) criminal events.

3. Passive Bloodstains (drops, pools, etc.) Transfer Bloodstains (wipe a weapon, etc.) Active (or “Projected”) Bloodstains (bullets, stepping in blood, etc.)

4.  Rule of Thumb: As impact angle goes down, bloodstain shape becomes more elongated.

5.  Impact Spatter – Blood source is “smacked” in some way and drops fly off in various directions.  Divide category further by blood’s impact speed.  Low velocity  Medium velocity  High velocity

6. velocity ≤ 5 ft/s stain size is (relatively) large: diameter ≥ 4mm examples: blood drops into blood and footstep spatters

7. 5 ft/s ≤ velocity ≤ 25 ft/s stain size : 1 mm ≤ diameter ≤ 4mm examples: blood flicked off finger and blunt object used on victim

8. velocity ≥ 100 ft/s (  68 mph) stain size (relatively small): diameter ≤ 1mm examples: gunshots and propellers

9.  Big Forensic Science Question: “From where did the blood come???”

10. tail points in direction of travel one exception!

11. sin θ = W / L W L What does W = L mean? sin θ = 1 → θ = 90  Drop is a circle!

12.  What if blood drop is not a pretty oval?!? Do the best you can!!!

13. Work backwards from blood spatter to determine “launch position” of blood. BE AWARE of all approximations that are used in analysis! (This is a great example for teaching students about approximations in physics.)

17. Get Computer Help (Software is available!) Notice the “top view”!

18. Big Problem!!!  Neither blood nor anything else travels unaided in a straight line through the air!

19. Example Consider “medium velocity” blood drop of diameter 3 mm “launched” at a position 1 m off the ground. Numbers: v = 20 ft/s (6 m/s) & θ = -10  θ = -10  v = 20 ft/s parallel to ground 1 m ground

20. What about gravity???

21. What about air resistance??? (Drop’s speed and size are needed. Tough to know!)

22. Moral of the Story  Calculation using “straight-line” trajectory (no gravity and no air resistance) predicts a “launch” point higher than actual point.  “Straight-line” trajectory is reasonable for high “launch” velocities and/or stain and “launch” points “close” together. (The idea is to keep the flight time as short as possible.)  More accuracy requires a better model and more specialized work.

23. Forensic Science Literature The Directional Analysis of Bloodstain Patterns: Theory and Experimental Validation by A. L. Carter  “Therefore, the best one can do here is to estimate an upper limit for the height of the source.” (p. 181) Can. Soc. Forens. Sci. J. Vol. 34. No. 4 (2001) pp. 173-189

24. Blood Spatter Labs You will be creating sample drop patterns using single drops and multiple drops. We will also investigate the effect of motion and the angle of impact on blood spatter. This can be messy! Be very careful to keep the blood on the paper and not on yourself, the table, or floor. Hold you hand as steady as possible when making the drops. Brace your wrist against the meter stick to help you. Get your materials from your teacher – paper, black marker, meter stick, goggles, and a bottle of blood. If you make a mess, clean it up immediately!

25. Lab 1: Single Droplets 2550 Single Drops Group Members 75100 Single Drops Group Members Label two large pieces of construction paper as shown below. To do the lab, put on your goggles and hold the dropper bottle upside down so that the end of it is 25 cm from the paper. GENTLY squeeze the bottle so that ONE drop of blood is released and lands in the correct location on your paper. It should NOT hit the meterstick. Repeat TWO more times at this height for a total of three drops. Continue making drops of blood on your paper, but put the drop in a different area of the paper and change the height each time. When you are done, analyze your results and answer the questions on your worksheet. Make a mistake? Use a paper towel to wipe it off your paper! Keep your drops in the correct area of the paper.

26. Use your results to answer these questions. What did you notice about the diameter of the parent droplets as you increased the height of the drop? How do the spines compare from the different heights? Lab 1 Questions

27. Lab 2: Multiple Droplets Label a long piece of butcher paper (2 -3 meters in length) as shown below. To do the lab, put on your goggles and hold the dropper bottle upside down so that the end of it is 25 cm from the paper. GENTLY squeeze the bottle so that ONE drop of blood is released and lands in the correct location on your paper. The drop should NOT hit the meterstick. Without moving your hand, release ONE more drop onto the first drop at that height. If you make a mistake, wipe it off with a paper towel and try it again. Continue making drops of blood on your paper so you have three sets for each height. When you are done, analyze your results and answer the questions on your worksheet. Clean up your area and put away your materials before you leave class. Multiple Drops Group Members 255075100 Keep your drops in the correct area of the paper.

28. Use your results to answer these questions. What happened when one drop landed on top of another one? What did you notice about the diameter of the parent droplets as you increased the height of the drop? What do you notice about the diameter of the satellite spatter as you increased the height of the drop? Lab 2 Questions

29. Lab 3: Motion Droplets During this lab, you will see how motion affects the size and shape of the droplets and spines. You will need a long piece of butcher paper (4-5 meters in length) and tape to secure it to the floor. You will also need safety goggles. To do the lab, you will need to hold the dropper bottle upside down so that your hand is out and away from your body (waist level), but is still over the paper. Start off walking at a SLOW WALKING RATE along the paper strip from one end to the other and GENTLY squeeze the bottle as you walk so that blood is released ONE DROP at a time. Be sure that all the drops land on your paper strip. Repeat this procedure using a NORMAL WALKING RATE and a FAST WALKING RATE. Walking Direction When you are done, analyze your results and answer the questions on your worksheet. Clean up your area and put away your materials before you leave class. Miss the paper? Use a paper towel to wipe it off the floor!

30. Use your results to answer these questions. Draw a sketch of the droplets showing the size, shape, and/or distance between them at each speed in the chart below. What did you notice about the shape of the droplets as you increased your walking speed? What did you notice about the spines as you increased your walking speed? What did you notice about the distance between the droplets as you increased your walking speed? Lab 3 Questions

31. You will be creating sample drop patterns created by droplets landing at different angles from the same height. Label five pieces of copy paper with your names and then indicate the angle for each droplet - 15 o, 30 o, 45 o, 60 o, or 75 o. Place the first piece of paper on the clip board and align the clipboard with the 15 o line. Hold the bottle of blood at a height of 50 centimeters from the top of the table. GENTLY squeeze the bottle so that ONE drop of blood is released and lands on the paper. Repeat two more times at this angle. Continue testing by dropping blood from a height of 50 centimeters at each of the other angles. Lab 4: Angle of Impact When you are done, answer the questions on your worksheet. Clean up your area and put away your materials before you leave class. Angle Guide Clipboard & Paper Height of 50 cm

32. Use your results to answer the question. What did you notice about the shape of the droplets as you increased the angle of the paper? Lab 4 Questions

33. Which of the three blood droplets shown would have been created by a wound in the lower part of the leg? Explain. If you find a trail of blood with droplets that are round and close together, what could this mean? If you have a blood droplet as shown at left, what does it tell you? Explain.