1. GIS Program 6th GIS Workshop
Introduction to ArcGIS
GIS CONCEPT
Eng. Hussain Darwish
Technical College-Baghdad

2. Geographic Information Systems
Eng.Hussain Darwish
Technical College-Baghdad

3. A Generic Definition of GIS
Geographic = spatially referenced data
Information = data processed into a usable form
System = a framework for manipulating, analyzing and presentation of information

4. What is a Geographic Information System (GIS)?
A GIS is an organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and people, to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of geographically referenced information.
A GIS is both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially-reference data, as well [as] a set of operations for working with data In a sense, a GIS may be thought of as a higher-order
map.”

5. GIS COMPONENTES

6. GIS requirements 1. Data input, from maps, aerial
photos, satellites, surveys, GPS, and other
sources
2. Data storage, retrieval, and query
3. Data transformation, analysis,
and modeling, including spatial
statistics
4. Data representation (reporting), such as maps,
reports, and plans

7. Basic Questions Asked
with a GIS:
• What is at..._____? (Location)
• Where is it..._____? (Condition)
• What has changed...? (Trend)
• Which is the best way...? (Routing)
• What is the pattern...? (Pattern)
• What if...? (Modeling)

8. What is a Geographic Information System (GIS)?
An information system has a full range of functions to:
process observations
process measurements
provide descriptions
explain data
make decisions

9. Convert Data to Digital Format
GIS Process
Capture Data
Register Map Base
Interpret Data
Store Data in Computer
Convert Data to Digital Format
Process Data
Display Results

10. GIS DATA
SPATIAL (POSITIONAL) DATA
ATTRIBUTE (TABULAR) DATA

11. GIS System Spatial Data Base Attribute Data Base
Cartographic Display System
Geographic Analysis System
Map Digitizing System
Image Processing System
Statistical Analysis System
Database Management System
Images
Maps
Statistical Reports
Statistics Tabular Data
GIS System

12. GIS Data Format Raster data Vector data
There are two formats used by GIS systems to store and retrieve geographical data:
Raster data
Vector data

13. Spatial Data Model: Basic Data Format
GIS are driven by spatial data
Two basic spatial (coordinate/geometric) data exist
Vector: based on geometry of
points
lines
polygons
Raster: based on geometry of
grid cells (images, bitmaps, DEMs)_

14. Raster Format Data are divided into cell, pixels, or elements
Cells are organized in arrays
Each cell has a single value
Row and Column Numbers are used to identify the location of the cell within the array.
Perhaps the most common example of raster data is a digital image.

15. Vector Format
Data are associated with points, lines, or boundaries enclosing areas (polygons)
Points are located by coordinates
Lines are described by a series of connecting vectors (line segments described) ,by the coordinates of the start and end point
Areas or polygons are described by a series of vectors enclosing the area.

16. Vector Format
Any number of factors or attributes can be associated with a point line or polygon.
Data are stored in two files:
a file containing location information
a file containing information on the attributes
A third file contains information needed to link positional data with their attributes.

17. GIS Data Types Features Surfaces Networks Point datasets Line datasets
Polygon datasets
Surfaces
Grid datasets
TIN datasets
Images datasets
Networks
Simple denstritic networks
Simple loop networks

18. Vector and Raster Representation of Point Map Features
GIS Vector Format
GIS Raster Format
(X,Y) Coordinate in space
Cell Located in an Array row and column

19. Point Features
All points required to define the feature geometry have to be stored as part of the feature definition.

20. Point Features Point datasets
One-to-one relation between features in the map and records in the table.

21. Vector and Raster Representation of Line Map Features
GIS Vector Format
GIS Raster Format

22. Line Features Line datasets
One-to-one relation between features in the map and records in the table.

23. Vector and Raster Representation of Area Map Features
GIS Vector Format
GIS Raster Format

24. Area Features Polygon datasets
One-to-one relation between features in the map and records in the table.

25. Surfaces Features
Grid datasets

26. Data Structure of Surfaces
Grid datasets:
Cellular-based data structure composed of square cells of equal size arranged in rows and columns.
Grid definition requires: (1) the coordinates of the upper-left corner, (2) the cell size, (3) the number of rows, (4) the number of columns, and (5) the value at each cell.
Cells that do not store any value are called NODATA cells.
Number of columns
Number of rows
Cell size
(x, y)

27. Surfaces Features
TIN datasets

28. Data Structure of Surfaces
Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) Datasets:
Dataset constructed by connecting points -- for which the TIN parameter is known – forming triangles.
Triangle sides are constructed by connecting adjacent points so that the minimum angle of each triangle is maximized.
Triangle sides cannot cross breaklines.
The TIN format is efficient to store data because the resolution adjusts to the parameter spatial variability.

29. Data Structure of Surfaces
Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) Datasets

30. Image Surface Features
Image datasets

31. Data Structure of Surfaces
Image datasets:
ARC Digitized Raster Graphics (ADRG)
Windows bitmap images (BMP) [.bmp]
Multiband (BSQ, BIL and BIP) and single band images [.bsq, .bil and bip]
ERDAS [.lan and .gis]
ESRI Grid datasets
IMAGINE [.img]
IMPELL Bitmaps [.rlc]
Image catalogs
JPEG [.jpg]
MrSID [.sid]
National Image Transfer Format (NITF)
Sun rasterfiles [.rs, .ras and .sun]
Tag Image File Format (TIFF) [.tiff, .tif and .tff]
TIFF/LZW

32. Networks
Simple networks

33. Networks
Simple loop networks

34. Data Structure of Features
Nodes
Vertices
A line is an open sequence of points in which the first and last points are called nodes, and the remaining intermediate points are called vertices.

35. Data Structure of Features
Complex lines
Simple lines

36. Data Structure of Features
Complex polygons
Simple polygons

37. Data Structure of Features
Not space-filling polygons
Space-filling polygons

38. Data Structure of FeaturesB A D 1 2 3 4 5 I II
III
Line and polygon topology

39. Data Structure of Networks
Simple loop networks:
System of simple lines -- called links -- connected at their nodes.
Links can point in either direction or in both directions. A B E I J K D C G H 1 F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

40. Vector and Raster Formats
Most GIS software can display both vector and raster data.
Raster formats are efficient when comparing information among arrays with the same cell size.
Raster files are generally very large because each cell occupies a separate line of data.
Vector formats are efficient when comparing information whose geographical dimensions are different.

41. Vector Data Model
Major types (formats) of vector data available in ArcGIS
ESRI GeoDatabases
ESRI shapefiles
ArcInfo coverages and libraries
CAD files (AutoCAD DWG, DXF; Microstation DGN)
StreetMap files
Spatial Database Engine (SDE) data
ASCII point coordinate data
Linear measure (route) data_

42. Vector Data Model Characteristics of the vector data model:
+ Features are positioned accurately
+ Shape of features can be represented correctly
+ Features are represented discretely (no fuzzy boundaries)
– Not good for representing spatially continuous phenomena
– Potentially complex data structure (especially for polygons); can lead to long processing time for analytical operations_

43. Raster Data Model Raster spatial data model origin is set explicitly
cell size is always known
cell references (row/column locations) are known
cell values are referenced to row/column location
values represent numerical phenomena or index codes for non-numerical phenomena_

44. Raster Data Model Characteristics of the raster data model:
Rectangular grid of square cells
Shape of discrete polygonal features generalized by cells
Continuous (surface) data represented easily
Simple data structure_

45. Raster Data Model
Raster data are good at representing continuous phenomena, e.g.,
Elevation, slope, aspect
Soil types.
Electromagnetic reflectance (photographic or satellite imagery)
Radar images.
Continuous phenomena

46. Comparison of Raster and Vector Formats
Raster formats are efficient when comparing information among arrays with the same cell size.
Raster files are generally very large because each cell occupies a separate line of data, only one attribute can be assigned to each cell, and cell sizes are relatively small.
Vector formats are efficient when comparing information whose geographical shapes and sizes are different.
Vector files are much smaller because a relatively small number of vectors can precisely describe large areas and a many attributes can be ascribed to these areas.

47. Comparison of Raster and Vector Formats
Raster representations are relatively coarse and imprecise
Vector representations of shapes can be very precise.
Most GIS software can display both raster and vector data. Only a limited number of programs can analyze both types of data or make raster type analyses in vector formats.

48. Attributes data Types of Attributes data
Numeric data ( e.g. size, area, temperature,…etc.).
Semantic data (e.g. class, type, name, quality…etc.).
Each of them may be stored in a coded manner.

49. Relational Database Model & Attribute Data Structures
The “where” of GIS is determined by coordinate (map) data structures, but …
The “what” of GIS is determined by tabular (relational database) data structures
Thus, tabular data are just as important as coordinate data.

50. Relational Database Model & Attribute Data Structures
Attribute data are stored in database tables.
Tables are composed of:
fields (columns)
and
records (rows)_

51. Relational Database Model & Attribute Data Structures
Each vector data source has an attribute table

52. Relational Database Model & Attribute Data Structures
You may already be familiar with some types of relational databases
dBase
rBase
MS Access
MS Excel (database functionality)
Oracle, INFORMIX, INGRES, SQL Server
MySQL, PostgreSQL
INFO (in ArcInfo)_

53. Relational Database Model & Attribute Data Structures
Tables can be linked and joined (“related”) by use of common values in fields

54. Relational Database Model & Attribute Data Structures
Different types data that may have attribute tables in ArcGIS
Vector
point attribute
polygon attribute
line attribute
node attribute*
text attribute*
route & event*
CAD attributes
Raster
value attribute tables*_
* in ArcInfo coverage & grid data only

55. What is a Geographic Information System (GIS)?
In a geographic information system, information is characterized spatially.
In a GIS the common purpose is decision making to manage:
land
resources
transportation
OR any other spatially distributed activity

56. GIS APLLICATION
Examples of application of automated methods include a wide range: engineering mining natural resource management agriculture planning (all gov’t levels) etc...

57. GIS Application
… but generally can be grouped into four basic categories:
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Forest & Wildlife
Hydrological
Minerals
URBAN & REGSIONAL MANAGEMENT
Land Use Planning/Environmental Impact
Public Works
Emergency Response
Legal Records
Transportation and network management

58. GIS Application COMMERCIAL Market Area Analysis Site Selection Routing
AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT
Field Records
Animal Management
Climate Change / Human Impact

59. History of GIS Decade Milestones for computer-based GIS 1960’s
Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) developed: national land inventory pioneered many aspects of GIS
Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis: pioneered software for spatial data handling
US Bureau of Census developed DIME data format
ESRI founded
1970’s
CGIS fully operational (and still operational today)
-First Landsat satellite launched (USA)
-First geocoded census
-USGS begins Geographical Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS) to manage and analyze large land resources databases and Digital Line Graph (DLG) data format
-ERDAS founded
-ODYSSEY GIS launched (first vector GIS)

60. History of GIS Decade Milestones for computer-based GIS 1980’s
-ESRI launches ARC/INFO (vector GIS)
-GPS became operational
-US Army Corp of Engineers develop GRASS (raster GIS)
-MapInfo founded
-Burrough’s book on “Principles of [GIS] for Land Resources Assessment” published
-First SPOT satellite launched (Europe)
-Idrisi Project started (GIS program)
-SPANS GIS produced
-National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) established in USA
-first release of US Bureau of the Census TIGER digital data products

61. History of GIS

62. Major GIS-Only Journals
International Journal of Geographical Information Systems
Geographical Systems
Transactions in GIS
Geo Info Systems
GIS World

63. ArcView Basics Project (the foundation. Contains the documents) Views
Layouts
Views
Themes
compile maps for printing
display and query spatial data.
contains multiple themes (i.e. layers of data).
the actual data.
Contains geographical features of the same kind (points, lines or polygons) and their attributes
Tables
contain the attribute data of a theme
Scripts
Charts

64. Introduction to GIS (1) Four basic steps for map production
Data Collection
Data Display / Explore
Data Analysis
Map Composition

65. .
. Map Characteristics In addition to feature locations and their attributes, the other technical characteristics that define maps and their use includes:
Map Scale
Map Accuracy
Map Extent and
Data Base Extent

66. Fundamentals of GIS
Mapping Concepts, Features & Properties A map represents geographic features or other spatial phenomena by graphically conveying information about locations and attributes. Locational information describes the position of particular geographic features on the Earth's surface, as well as the spatial relationship between features, such as the shortest path from a fire station to a library, the proximity of competing businesses, and so on. Attribute information describes characteristics of the geographic features represented, such as the feature type, its name or number and quantitative information such as its area or length. Thus the basic objective of mapping is to provide
descriptions of geographic phenomenon
spatial and non spatial information
map features like Point, Line, & Polygon

67. Map Features
Map Features Locational information is usually represented by points for features such as wells and telephone pole locations, lines for features such as streams, pipelines and contour lines and areas for features such as lakes, counties and census tracts. Point feature A point feature represents as single location. It defines a map object too small to show as a line or area feature. A special symbol of label usually depicts a point location. Line feature A line feature is a set of connected, ordered coordinates representing the linear shape of a map object that may be too narrow to display as an area such as a road or feature with no width such as a contour line. Area feature An area feature is a closed figure whose boundary encloses a homogeneous area, such as a state country soil type or lake

68. Where GIS is being Applied l:
Urban Planning, Management & Policy
Zoning, subdivision planning
Land acquisition
Economic development
Code enforcement
Housing renovation programs
Emergency response
Crime analysis
Tax assessment

69. Where GIS is being Applied: II
Environmental Sciences
Monitoring environmental risk
Modeling storm water runoff
Management of, floodplains, wetlands, forests.
Environmental Impact Analysis
Groundwater modeling and contamination tracking

70. Where GIS is being Applied: III
Political Science
Redistricting
Analysis of election results
Predictive modeling
Civil Engineering/Utility
Locating underground facilities
Designing alignment for freeways, transit
Coordination of infrastructure maintenance

71. Where GIS is being Applied: IV
Business
Demographic Analysis
Market Penetration/ Share Analysis
Site Selection
Education Administration
Attendance Area Maintenance
Enrollment Projections
School Bus Routing

72. Where GIS is being Applied: IV
Real Estate
Neighborhood land prices
Traffic Impact Analysis

73. Summery Contributing Disciplines to GIS • Landscape Ecology
• Geography
• Cartography
• Remote Sensing
• Photogrammetry
• Surveying
• Geodesy
• Statistics
• Operations Research
• Computer Science
• Mathematics
• Civil Engineering

74. Summery GIS As A Set Of Interrelated Subsystems:
1. Spatial and Attribute Data Base
2. Cartographic Display System
3. Map Digitizing System
4. Database Management System
5. Geographic Analysis System
6. Image Processing System
7. Statistical Analysis System
8. Decision Support System