1. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 19P. 1Winter Quarter MATLAB: Script and Function Files Lecture 19

2. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 19P. 2Winter Quarter MATLAB Script Files A MATLAB script file (Called an M-file) is a text (plain ASCII) file that contains one or more MATLAB commands and, optionally, comments. The file is saved with the extension ".m". When the filename (without the extension) is issued as a command in MATLAB, the file is opened, read, and the commands are executed as if input from the keyboard. The result is similar to running a program in C. The following slide is the contents of an M-file. Note that there are no prompts (>>).

3. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 19P. 3Winter Quarter MATLAB Script Files % This is a MATLAB script file. % It has been saved as “g13.m". load g13.dat; %Load data file voltage = g13( :, 4); %Extract volts vector time =.005*[1:length(voltage)];%Create time vector plot (time, voltage)%Plot volts vs time xlabel ('Time in Seconds')% Label x axis ylabel ('Voltage')% Label y axis title ('Bike Strain Gage Voltage vs Time') grid %Put a grid on graph

4. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 19P. 4Winter Quarter MATLAB Script Files The preceding file is executed by issuing a MATLAB command: >> g13 This single command causes MATLAB to look in the current directory, and if a file g13.m is found, open it and execute all of the commands. The result, in this case, is a plot of the data from g13.dat. If MATLAB cannot find the file in the current working directory, an error message will appear.

5. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 19P. 5Winter Quarter MATLAB Script Files When the file is not in the current working directory, a cd or chdir command may be issued to change the directory. >> cd a:\ % Make a:\ the current working directory >> g13

6. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 19P. 6Winter Quarter MATLAB Demo %MATLAB Example use of ginput clear, clf, hold off axis ([0, 10, 0, 10]) hold on plot ([1, 2, 2, 1, 1],[2, 2, 3, 3, 2]) text (1, 1.6, 'Click inside box to quit') while 1 [x, y, buttun] = ginput (1) if buttun == 1, plot (x, y, '+r'), end if buttun == 2, plot (x, y, 'oy'), end if buttun == 3, plot (x, y, '*g'), end if x > 1 & x 2 & y < 3, break; end end hold off

7. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 19P. 7Winter Quarter MATLAB Function Files A MATLAB function file (called an M-file) is a text (plain ASCII) file that contains a MATLAB function and, optionally, comments. The file is saved with the function name and the usual MATLAB script file extension, ".m". A MATLAB function may be called from the command line or from any other M-file.

8. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 19P. 8Winter Quarter MATLAB Function Files When the function is called in MATLAB, the file is accessed, the function is executed, and control is returned to the MATLAB workspace. Since the function is not part of the MATLAB workspace, its variables and their values are not known after control is returned. Any values to be returned must be specified in the function syntax.

9. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 19P. 9Winter Quarter MATLAB Function Files The syntax for a MATLAB function definition is: function [val1, …, valn] = myfunc (arg1, …, argk) where val1 through valn are the specified returned values from the function and arg1 through argk are the values sent to the function. Since variables are local in MATLAB (as they are in C), the function has its own memory locations for all of the variables and only the values (not their addresses) are passed between the MATLAB workspace and the function.

10. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 19P. 10Winter Quarter MATLAB Function Files It is OK to use the same variable names in the returned value list as in the argument. The effect is to assign new values to those variables. As an example, the following slide shows a function that swaps two values.

11. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 19P. 11Winter Quarter Example of a MATLAB Function File function [ a, b ] = swap ( a, b ) % The function swap receives two values, swaps them, % and returns the result. The syntax for the call is % [a, b] = swap (a, b) where the a and b in the ( ) are the % values sent to the function and the a and b in the [ ] are % returned values which are assigned to corresponding % variables in your program. temp=a; a=b; b=temp;

12. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 19P. 12Winter Quarter Example of a MATLAB Function File To use the function a MATLAB program could assign values to two variables (the names do not have to be a and b) and then call the function to swap them. For instance the MATLAB commands: >> x = 5 ; y = 6 ; [ x, y ] = swap ( x, y ) result in: x = 6 y = 5

13. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 19P. 13Winter Quarter MATLAB Function Files Referring to the function, the comments immediately following the function definition statement are the "help" for the function. The MATLAB command: >>help swap %displays: The function swap receives two values, swaps them, and returns the result. The syntax for the call is [a, b] = swap (a, b) where the a and b in the ( ) are the values sent to the function and the a and b in the [ ] are returned values which are assigned to corresponding variables in your program.

14. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 19P. 14Winter Quarter MATLAB Function Files The MATLAB function must be in the current working directory. If it is not, the directory must be changed before calling the function. If MATLAB cannot find the function or its syntax does not match the function call, an error message will appear. Failure to change directories often results in the error message: Undefined function or improper matrix assignment.

15. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 19P. 15Winter Quarter MATLAB Function Files When the function file is not in the current working directory, a cd or chdir command may be issued to change the directory. >> cd a:\ % Make a:\ the current working directory

16. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 19P. 16Winter Quarter MATLAB Function Files Unlike C, a MATLAB variable does not have to be declared before being used, and its data type can be changed by assigning a new value to it. For example, the function factorial ( ) on the next slide returns an integer when a positive value is sent to it as an argument, but returns a character string if the argument is negative.

17. Engineering H192 - Computer Programming The Ohio State University Gateway Engineering Education Coalition Lect 19P. 17Winter Quarter MATLAB Function Files function [n] = factorial (k) % The function [n] = factorial(k) calculates and % returns the value of k factorial. If k is negative, % an error message is returned. if (k < 0) n = 'Error, negative argument'; elseif k<2 n=1; else n = 1; for j = [2:k] n = n * j; end end