1. Statistical Methods in Computer Science Hypothesis Life-cycle Ido Dagan

2. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 2 Why to experiment? W. Tichy, “Should Computer Scientists Experiment More?” (on course web page) System/Model/theory testing –Identify incorrectness, incompleteness in your “theory”/assumptions This can save money and lives! –e.g. underlying assumptions that are violated by reality –Can lead to revising model and/or system Exploration –Find new phenomena –E.g. unknown user behaviors in using systems

3. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 3 Empirical Research Cycle Established methodology, with very long tradition Natural sciences, social sciences Cycle: Form theory/model E.g. search engine ranking function Hypothesize based on theory More relevant pages higher than less relevant ones Experiment (when possible) Ask people to judge relevance (binary, score, relative, …) Observe results Find discrepancies between hypothesized predictions and results Revise theory (and publish results) This course covers especially [hypothesis.... discrepancy] Heavy use of statistics and analytical skills (a bit of art)

4. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 4 Common Practice Vague idea No preliminary investigation No articulation of precise hypothesis Bad experimental design No iterations

5. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 5 Lots of Ways to Attack Experimentation Not general – only applies to the “system/setting under test”. E.g. general claims on user behavior true only for one system Not forward-looking motivations and observations based on the past. Lack of representative comparison inadequate benchmarks (users are happy with my system…) difficult/costly to implement comparisons Not enabling independent replication of experiments Real data can be messy – difficult to choose which data to gather E.g. which aspects of user behavior (speed, satisfaction, success,…)

6. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 6 Vague idea 1. Understand the problem, frame the questions, articulate the goals. A problem well-stated is half-solved. “groping around” experiences Model/ Theory Hypothesis Initial observations Experiment Data, analysis, interpretation Results & final Presentation Experimental Lifecycle

7. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 7 A Systematic Approach 1.Understand the problem, frame the questions, articulate the goals. A problem well-stated is half-solved. Be able to answer “why” as well as “what” E.g. why people search? Find website? / Find information? 2.Select metrics that will help answer the questions. Rank of correct website / Percentage or relevant pages in top 10 3.Identify the parameters that affect behavior System parameters (e.g., HW config, search speed) Workload parameters (e.g., user request patterns) Data parameters (e.g. long/short documents) 4.Decide which parameters to study (vary in experiment)

8. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 8 What can go wrong at this stage? Never understanding the problem well enough: Can we crisply articulate the goals / hypothesis? Having no clear goal, but building an apparatus Getting invested in a solution before verifying a problem exists Getting invested in any desired result. Not being unbiased enough to follow proper methodology. Fishing expeditions (groping around forever).

9. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 9 Vague idea 2. Select metrics that will help answer the questions. 3. Identify the parameters that affect behavior “groping around” experiences Model/ Theory Hypothesis Initial observations Experiment Data, analysis, interpretation Results & final Presentation Experimental Lifecycle

10. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 10 A Systematic Approach 1.Understand the problem, frame the questions, articulate the goals. A problem well-stated is half-solved. Must remain objective Be able to answer “why” as well as “what” 2.Select metrics that will help answer the questions. 3.Identify the parameters that affect behavior Those become part of your model, theory

11. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 11 Behavior Parameters/Variables Example: software performance Hardware parameters CPU model and organization, cache organization, latencies in the system (these will affect running time) System parameters Memory availability, usage CPU running time (sometimes approximated by world-clock time) Communication bandwidth, usage Program characteristics requires floating-point, heavy disk usage, integer math, graphics

12. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 12 Additional Behavior Variables Algorithm parameters: Algorithm choice, correctness/accuracy of results (may compromise) Performance curves (accuracy vs. run-time) Size of input Worst case, best case, average case Other Development/QA person-hours (e.g. expected bugs) User (programmer) satisfaction, productivity Lines of code, number of components,... Robotics: Speed of movement, accuracy of positioning

13. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 13 Now build a model (theory) Mathematically precise Memory = 2*sizeof(input) + 3 Runtime = 500 + 30*sizeof(input) + 20 Asymptotically correct Memory = O(sizeof(input)) in worst case, Runtime = O(log (sizeof(input))) in best case Accuracy is proportional to run-time Qualitative User performance is increased with reduced cognitive load Number of bugs discovered is monotonically decreasing if the same programmer is used, otherwise it increases

14. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 14 Now form hypothesis Translate qualitative into quantitative Use of new system will (these are different hypotheses): + Increase operator accuracy (compared to not using it) by X - Decrease failures by Y - Decrease performance time Z Introducing link information to relevance score will increase ranking quality by 10%...... Operationalize the hypothesis

15. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 15 What can go wrong at this stage? Wrong metrics (they don’t address the questions at hand) e.g., ads click through, rather than purchase Bad metrics: too difficult to measure, too costly Overlooking significant parameters that affect the system Not clear about where the “system under test” boundaries are E.g. poor ad content rather than poor ad matching Unrepresentative test-setting. Not predictive of real usage. Just what everyone else uses (adopted blindly) NOT what anyone else uses (no comparison possible)

16. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 16 Vague idea “groping around” experiences Model/ Theory Hypothesis Initial observations Experiment Data, analysis, interpretation Results & final Presentation Experimental Lifecycle 1.Decide which parameters to vary 2.Select technique 3.Select measurements

17. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 17 1.Decide which parameters to study (vary) 2.Select measurement technique: Can we directly measure what we want? Intrusive (invasive) versus unobtrusive measurement How invasive? Can we quantify interference of monitoring? E.g. should user mark relevance, or we just follow clicks? Simulation – how detailed? Validated against what? Benchmarks Repeatability 3.Experiment design –Lesion studies / ablation tests (with and without component) –Iron-man (e.g. human performance), straw-man –Baseline, ceilings and floors –Factorial design A Systematic Approach

18. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 18 Vague idea “groping around” experiences Hypothesis Model Initial observations Experiment Data, analysis, interpretation Results & final Presentation Experimental Lifecycle 1.Run experiments 2.Analyze and interpret data 3.Data presentation

19. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 19 1.Run experiments How many trials? How many combinations of parameter settings? (e.g. users age groups) Practically limited 2.Analyze and interpret data Descriptive statistics Dealing with variability, outliers Hypothesis testing: sample vs. population Potentially infinite population (e.g. software runs) Claims on variable values for population based on sample variables Statistical significance 3.Data presentation A Systematic Approach

20. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 20 What can go wrong at this stage? Not choosing to study the parameters that matter most – factors Choosing the wrong values for parameters you aren’t going to vary. Not considering the effect of other values (sensitivity analysis) Wrong experimental technique E.g. test run time of alternative algorithms in Java in same process – memory accumulates Mistake in Data processing (!!!)

21. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 21 What can go wrong at this stage? One trial – data from a single run when variation can arise. Multiple runs – reporting average but not variability Tricks of statistics No interpretation of what the results mean Ignoring errors and outliers Over-generalizing conclusions Omitting assumptions and limitations of study.

22. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 22 1.Run experiments How many trials? How many combinations of parameter settings? Sensitivity analysis on other parameter values. 2.Analyze and interpret data Statistics, dealing with variability, outliers 3.Data presentation 4.Where does it lead us next? New hypotheses, new questions, a new round of experiments A Systematic Approach

23. Statistical Methods in Computer Science © 2006-now Gal Kaminka/ Ido Dagan. Portions © Carla Ellis at Duke University 23 Vague idea “groping around” experiences Model/ Theory Hypothesis Initial observations Experiment Data, analysis, interpretation Results & final Presentation Experimental Lifecycle