1. Once More With Feeling: The Scottish Enlightenment, Sympathy, and Social Welfare Jonathan Hearn Professor of Political and Historical Sociology School of Social and Political Science University of Edinburgh

2. Structure I. Rediscovering the sentimental ScotsI. Rediscovering the sentimental Scots II. Examining sympathyII. Examining sympathy III. Implications of social welfareIII. Implications of social welfare

3. I. Rediscovering the sentimental Scots EmpiricismEmpiricism NaturalismNaturalism CausationCausation Bacon Hume Smith

4. II. Examining sympathy

5. David Hume

6. II. Examining sympathy “The same principle produces, in many instances, our sentiments of morals, as well as those of beauty. No virtue is more esteem’d than justice, and no vice more detested than injustice; nor are there any qualities, which go farther to the fixing of the character, either as amiable or odious. Now justice is a moral virtue, merely because it has that tendency to the moral good of mankind; and indeed, is nothing but an artificial invention to that purpose. The same may be said of allegiance, of the laws of nations, of modesty, and of good manners. All of these are human contrivances for the interest of society. And since there is a very strong sentiment of morals, which has always attended them, we must allow, that the reflecting on the tendency of characters and mental qualities, is sufficient to give us the sentiments of approbation and blame. Now as the means to an end can only be agreeable, where the end is agreeable; and as the good of society, where our own interest is not concern’d, or that of our friends, pleases only by sympathy: It follows that sympathy is the source of the esteem, which we pay to all the artificial virtues” (Hume 1978: 577).

7. II. Examining sympathy “How selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some principles in his nature, which interest him in the fortune of others, and render their happiness necessary to him, though he derives nothing from it except the pleasure of seeing it” (Smith 1984: 9).

8. II. Examining sympathy Adam Smith

9. II. Examining sympathy Two further issues:Two further issues: Propinquity matters.Propinquity matters. The bias of sympathyThe bias of sympathy

10. III. Implications for social welfare Social welfare then and nowSocial welfare then and now ‘The culture of poverty’‘The culture of poverty’ Social distanceSocial distance From social engineering to the analysis of sentiment?From social engineering to the analysis of sentiment?

11. References Berry, Christopher J. (1997) Social Theory of the Scottish Enlightenment. Edinburgh: EUP. Hume, David (1975) Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, 3 rd edn, P. H. Nidditch (ed.), Oxford: Oxford UP. Hume, David (1978) A Treatise of Human Nature, 2 nd edn, P. H. Nidditch (ed), Oxford: Oxford UP. Lewis, Oscar (1966) ‘The Culture of Poverty’, Scientific American 215(4): 19-25. Mounce, H. O. (1999) Hume’s Naturalism. London: Routledge. Roberts, Russ (2014) How Adam Smith can Change Your Life. London: Penguin. Sen, Amartya (2011) ‘Keynote Address: Uses and Abuses of Adam Smith’, History of Political Economy 43:2. Smith, Adam (1981) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 2 vols, R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner (eds), Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. Smith, Adam (1984) The Theory of Moral Sentiments, D. D Raphael and A. L. Macfie (eds), Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.