1. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 1 Job profile and training requirements of European flight dispatchers

2. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 2 1 General 2 Survey results 3 IOSA Auditing 4 Consequences Agenda

3. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 3 Dissertation as part of a Masters Degree Programme in Air Transport Management London City University Title: “Job profile and training requirements of European Flight Dispatchers” Impartial, not politically motivated What?

4. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 4 Andreas Cordes, 41 years old Ex Lufthansa Captain Experience on B747-400, B737, A319/20/21 Licensed Flight Dispatcher (Germany) IOSA Lead Auditor and Trainer Who?

5. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 5 Evaluate the environment of FOO/FDs in Europe and define a job profile Analyze Operator specific differences What kind of training is required in order to get the job done? Assess the market chances for such a training course Goals

6. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 6 It is not the purpose of the study to answer the question, whether FOO/FDs should be licensed The issue is highly political and worth a study of its own  But: the study will deliver arguments for the discussion A word about licenses

7. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 7 The study has not been completed yet Content as presented here is tentative and shall not be copied and distributed EUFALDA will receive the full paper as soon as it has been released by the University Confidentialty

8. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 8 1 General 2 Survey results 3 IOSA Auditing 4 Consequences Agenda

9. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 9 Questionnaire has been sent to 140 Operators All sizes, all business models, all 32 JAA member states Feedback received from 42 Operators 24 countries covered Unfortunately very little feedback from:  UK  Low-Cost Carriers Participants

10. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 10 Survey covers the work of 972 Flight Dispatchers Being responsible for 1807 aircraft Staff ratio: 0,54 FOO/FD per aircraft Ratio varies, depending on the type of operation Staff numbers

11. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 11 The majority is unlicensed Licensing 1 Not Licensed: 54,9% National license: 35,7% License issued by another European country: 3,8% FAA license: 5,5%

12. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 12 Small Operators rely more on unlicensed staff FAA License is popular for small operators Turbo-prop and regional operators have the least licensed dispatchers Licensing 2 Staff licensing vs. fleet size (most significant values highlighted) Survey average 10 A/C or less 11 to 25 A/C 26 to 50 A/C > 50 A/C Not licensed 54,984,6%52,2%47,5%55,3% National license 35,73,2%27,6%45,1%38,6% FAA license 5,58,6%9,3%6,9%3,2% Other EU license 3,83,5%11,0%0,5%2,9%

13. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 13 1/3 of all Operators require staff to be licensed These Operators prefer a license issued by their authority - followed by FAA license - and only then accept other EU country’s licenses EU licenses are “isolated” Hiring 1 Only National and FAA License recognized: 21,4% Only National and other EU license recogniezd: 0% National,FAA and EU licenses recognized: 42,9% Only National license recognized: 35,7%

14. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 14 Most Operators require previous airline experience Hiring 2

15. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 15 Most Operators have hiring difficulties Hiring 3

16. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 16 Average on-the-job training for new-entrants is 3 months Unlicensed staff does not receive more on-the-job training  No compensation of training deficiencies Hiring 4

17. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 17 Interfaces/Work environment/Tools Highlights: Primary interfaces for FOO/FDs are Cockpit Crew Flow Management Unit Line maintenance staff FOO/FDs in small Operators have more interfaces than others Unlicensed staff uses complex material less often (MEL, Performance Manuals…)

18. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 18 Very detailed data are available in the study Only highlights are presented here Activities are summarized in an “activity index” For - Preflight assistance - Operational Control - In-flight assistance - Other activities Tasks and duties

19. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 19 Type of operation determines level of pre-flight assistance Unlicensed staff is almost equally involved Tasks and duties: Preflight assistance

20. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 20 All groups of FOO/FDs are equally active in operational control duties Exception: executive operators Tasks and duties: Operational Control

21. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 21 Tasks and duties: In-flight assistance In-flight assistance Normal duties (most significant values highlighted) Average Unlicensed environment Long haul operator Regional carrier Network carrier Executive operator Small operator (<10 A/C) Large operator (>50 A/C) Be available for in-flight assistance at any time an aircraft is airborne 92,7%88,9%100,0%75,0%100,0% 87,5%100,0% Pro-actively monitor weather and other relevant operational information at any time an aircraft is airborne 78,0%66,7%85,2%66,7%90,0%60,0%62,5%100,0% Pro-actively provide crews with relevant operational information while the aircraft is airborne 80,5%77,8%81,5%83,3%90,0%100,0%62,5%87,5% Pro-actively follow the exact in-flight position of each individual aircraft at any given time (flight-following) 56,1%48,1%63,0%41,7%65,0%60,0%62,5%50,0% Assist crews in case of in-flight diversions upon request 90,2%88,9%92,6%83,3%100,0%80,0%75,0%100,0% Assist crews in case of re-routings (not diversions) upon request 87,8%85,2%88,9%83,3%95,0%80,0%75,0%100,0% Assist crews in-flight in when technical problems occur in a way that a recalculation of the flight plan becomes necessary 82,9%77,8%88,9%58,3%95,0%80,0%75,0%100,0% Initiate emergency response procedures 92,7%88,9%92,6%91,7%95,0%100,0%87,5%100,0% Cooperate with crews in case of security threats 95,1%92,6% 100,0%95,0%100,0% Level of in-flight assistance varies by operator type Remarkable: Many operators provide flight-following Small Operators provide less in-flight assistance

22. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 22 FOO/FDs that work for small operators are kept busy with commercial activities (scheduling, bookings….) Tasks and duties: Other activities

23. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 23 1 General 2 Survey results 3 IOSA Auditing 4 Consequences Agenda

24. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 24 European Operators have more findings in the Dispatch section, especially Initial training and recurrent training IOSA Audits IOSA Europe IOSA world average 0,00% 2,00%4,00%6,00%8,00%10,00%12,00%14,00%16,00% IOSA Europe IOSA world average 0,00%5,00%10,00%15,00%20,00%25,00%30,00%

25. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 25 Operational problems discovered in IOSA audits IOSA Audits Lack of a clear definition of the interface between operational controllers and pilots: Pilots not being aware of the fact that the flight plan might have been processed by untrained individuals and might not have been checked for suitable aerodromes, route restrictions and performance limitations. Lack of defined processes and procedures for duties and activities: Duties not performed in a standardized manner and without giving regard to operational procedures Lack of knowledge regarding aircraft performance, especially engine-out and depressurization scenarios No route analysis undertaken to ensure that aircraft are clear of obstacles at all times. Several routes found inappropriate over the alps, especially for turboprop aircraft. Lack of knowledge about all weather operations Alternate airports filed that were unsuitable. No awareness that U.S. minima have to applied in the U.S., which differ from JAR-OPS minima. Unclear definition of duties for the emergency case Personnel not well prepared for their roles as described in the emergency response plan.

26. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 26 IOSA Auditing is extremely difficult in the European environment because  U.S. and Europe are treated with identical standards Consequence: IOSA standards have completely changed in late 2006 Highlight: Introduction of the Flight Operations Assistant (FOA) to help EU carriers meet the standard EUFALDA is strongly recommended to become familiar with the new concept !! IOSA Audits

27. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 27 1 General 2 Survey results 3 IOSA Auditing 4 Consequences Agenda

28. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 28 European FOO/FDs perform work that meets the definition of ICAO Annex VI in the new version of 2006 But: Many FOO/FD are not adequately qualified Training deficiencies are obvious, large spread exists between groups of Operators Hence: Formal basic dispatch training is needed for all FOO/FDs Most existing programmes do not meet industry needs Consequences I

29. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 29 Operators believe that a 3 mth. training would be adequate Consequences II

30. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 30 Market chances of such training is limited because:  Training is not mandatory in most countries  Operators are not willing to pay  FAA training is cheaper and shorter Possible solution:  Minimum training could become mandatory irrespective of a licensing requirement No change in regulation to be expected before EASA has full competence Consequences III

31. 28 OCT 2006 © Andreas Cordes Slide 31 Thank you! In case of questions, please contact: andreas.cordes@online.de … for your attention and … for your support !