1. Acute Ophthalmology F Dean Consultant Ophthalmologist

2. Aims of the session Anatomy of the eye and orbit Ophthalmic history, examination and assessment Ophthalmic triage Conditions –true emergencies Using an ophthalmoscope

3. Anatomy of the eye

4. Frontal View Of Orbital Muscles

5. Anatomy of the Visual Pathway

6. Taking the history

7. What symptoms may be specific to the eye? Red/sore/watering/itchy/burning/hot Aching Can’t see – Intermittent – Complete or partial Double vision Funny vision-flashes/floaters/distortion

8. Ophthalmic History Loss of Vision rate of loss near or distance total blurr or part blurr – general loss = loss of acuity – part loss = loss of visual field associated features e.g distortion, floaters, flashing lights, pain etc

9. Ophthalmic Symptoms from different structures Eyelid-itchy, burning,dry Conjunctiva- watery,sticky, burn, sore Eye ball- aching, visual disturbance, floaters Orbit- watery, ache Brain- headache, visual disturbance, photopsia, diplopia

10. Pain Type of pain – Gritty sandy feeling = ocular surface – Ache within the eye = deeper tissue involvement e.g. uveal tissues duration precipitating or relieving factors Location/radiation

11. History Past medical history Social history Drug history Family history

12. General History Diseases with known ocular associations – Diabetes, atherosclerosis, collagen vascular disease, – Hypertension – Meningitis – Raised intracranial pressure

13. Eye Examination Visual acuity. Examination of the – Lids – Cornea and conjunctiva – Pupils – Red reflex/lens – Fundus Examination of the eye movements Examination of the fields

14. Visual Acuity Logmar acuity Newspaper for near vision With spectacle correction as required With and without a pinhole

15. Acuity Chart testing 6/6 = line 7 – Person can see at 6 m what a normal person can see at 6 m 6/60 = top line – Person can see at 6 m what a normal person can see at 60 m 6/60 6/6 6/36 6/24 6/18 6/12 6/9

16. Using an occluder with a pinhole

17. Ophthalmic examination Visual acuity. – With and without glasses Examination of the – Lids – Cornea and conjunctiva – Pupils – Red reflex/lens – Fundus eye movements Visual fields

18. Topical Medication for Examination To check for break in epithelium – Fluorescein Local anaesthetic – Benoxinate 0.4% For pupil dilation – Tropicamide 0.5% – Phenylephrine 2.5%

19. External Eye Use good general illumination e.g angle poised lamp Pen torch pencil beam for tangent illumination + fluorescein stain Use topical anaesthetic when required for patient comfort Start with eyelids, then conjunctiva, cornea and pupil

20. Pupils Direct and consensual reflex Afferent defect – problem with message reaching the brain Efferent defect – problem responding to light stimulus

21. Assessment of the extraocular movements

23. Visual Fields

24. Assessment of Squint Monocular vision – may have amblyopia (lazy eye) Eye movements – is there any restriction of movement – is there any double vision Cover Test – check for ocular deviation

25. Extra ocular movements Visual axes are not in parallel

26. Ophthalmoscopy Don’t be afraid to DILATE the pupil Correct for refractive errors Use the optic disc as a landmark and follow the arcades

27. Ophthalmoscopy

28. To see with an ophthalmoscope you have to be very close to the patient

29. What is Triage? A process by which a patient is assessed upon arrival to determine the urgency of the problem and to designate the appropriate healthcare resources to care for the identified problem

30. Aim of Triage System Realistic priorities of care are determined which result in appropriate, efficient and effective service delivery

31. Discriminators General Specific

32. General Discriminators Life Threat Pain Haemorrhage Conscious level Temperature Acuteness

33. General Discriminator pain in conjunction with specific discriminators. Ophthalmic patients with pain in conjunction with specific discriminators.

34. Specific Discriminators Chemical eye injury Penetrating eye trauma Sudden loss of vision Reduced visual acuity Inappropriate history Red eye with abnormal pupil reaction

35. Specific discriminators Chemical eye injury – Acid – Alkali – molten metal – CS gas

36. Specific discriminators Penetrating eye trauma – Traumatic event causing perforation of the globe – May contain foreign body

37. Specific discriminators Sudden complete loss of vision – loss of vision in one or both eyes within the preceding 24 hours – Normally vascular

38. Specific discriminators Reduced Visual acuity – corrected visual acuity loss.

39. Specific discriminators Inappropriate history – alleged mechanism of injury does not fit the injury

40. Specific discriminators Red eye – with or without pain – complete or partially red

41. Discriminators In addition to specific discriminators add Pupil reaction Shape Size

42. Specific discriminators Pupil reaction – fixed dilated pupil – distorted pupil – festooned pupil

43. Red Flags Ocular pain- particularly deep ache Visual loss Bleeding Always refer when pain and visual loss are present simultaneously.

44. MANCHESTER TRIAGE DISCRIMINATORS (OPHTHALMIC)

45. Categories Red Orange Yellow Green Blue

46. RED CATEGORY – Alkali – most commonly Lime – Sodium hydroxide – Cleaning solutions – Bleach

47. Chemical Injury Alakali injury Other chemical injury.

48. RED CATEGORY – Acid eg battery – molten metal – CS gas

49. ORANGE CATEGORY Urgent -see within 5 minutes a delay in treatment could be sight threatening Intra-orbital foreign body

50. ORANGE CATEGORY Perforating injuries- with a suspicion of intraocular foreign bodies Air bag injury

51. ORANGE CATEGORY Acute Glaucoma Non- accidental causes loss of vision within hours Post operative patients before the fifth day

52. ORANGE CATEGORY Acute orbital cellulitis Accidents causing gross visual disturbance Obvious bleeding/ lacerations/ Hyphaema

53. ORANGE CATEGORY Corneal ulcers with hypopion Endophthalmitis Sudden onset diplopia

54. Penetrating Injury Corneal laceration

55. Perforating injury

56. Shot Gun Injury

57. Blunt Injury, Contusion Bruising to eye lids

58. Blunt Injury

59. Blunt injury Irido dialysis Pain Risk of Pressure Likely other injury – Eg.retinal trauma Distortion of globe Tearing of internal structures

60. Blunt Injury Hyphaema- blood in anterior chamber Microscopic or Macroscopic – Blood in the anterior chamber – Pressure problems, esp. re-bleed Must ask if FH of sickle cell in relevant ethnic gp – Other injury – Children require admission – Must ask if FH of sickle cell in relevant ethnic group

61. Blow-out Fracture Usually caused by impact from object larger than bony margins of the orbit high pressure in orbit causes fracture of floor Inferior orbital contents prolapsed into the maxillary sinus

62. Blow-out fracture-symptoms Black Eye Double Vision Blurred Vision Small eye (enopthalmos) Pulling sensation on up gaze

63. Blow-out Fracture- signs Chemosis and echimosis around eye Limitation of up and down gaze. Loss of sensation below lower lid Order X-ray

64. Facial Bone Fractures In a facial injury involving a fracture there is a 30% chance of maxillary involvement Chance of ocular injury – 10-23% in Le Fort II and III – 2-10% blinded – 89% frontal sinus and supra orbital

66. Le Fort 3

67. All red and orange conditions need referral to an ophthalmologist All conditions classified as Blue/green can wait

68. What Ophthalmic conditions require fundoscopy? Anything with Visual loss

69. What systemic conditions require ophthalmoscopy?

70. Systemic diseases requiring ophthalmoscopy Head injury? Suspicious of raised ICP Meningitis Neurological- MS Vascular presentations- CVA, Hypertension

71. What does the fundus tell you? Papilloedema- raised ICP Pale disc- previous optic neuritis Haemorrhagic disc Hypertensive changes Diabetic retinopathy- control/ renal function