1. SPACE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

2. OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES BASIC PRINCIPLES MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS THE WAY AHEAD

3. OBJECTIVES UNDERSTAND BASIC CONCEPTS, PRINCIPLES AND ADVANTAGES OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS UNDERSTAND SYSTEM CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS FOR DOD, CIVIL, AND COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS UNDERSTAND POTENTIAL SUPPORT APPLICATIONS FOR MILITARY OPERATIONS

4. OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES BASIC PRINCIPLES MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS THE WAY AHEAD

5. BASIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM SPACE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

6. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM APPLICATIONS COMPONENTS USER/TRANSMITTER SEGMENT TRANSMISSION MEDIUM USER/RECEIVER SEGMENT RELAY OR TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION TEXT VOICE VIDEO DATA

7. BASIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM SPACE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM POINT A POINT B

8. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM LINKS POINT A POINT B SIMPLEX (one way only) HALF DUPLEX (one way or the other) FULL DUPLEX (both ways simultaneously)

9. GEO-SYNCHRONOUS MOST COMMON ORBIT: LOW INCLINATION ALTITUDE: APPROXIMATELY 23,0000 NM LIFE SPAN: MEASURED IN YEARS MAJOR EFFECT ON LIFE SPAN: CONSUMABLES AND SYSTEM DEGRADATION PERIOD: USUALLY 24 HOURS

10. GEO-SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT THREE SATELLITES IN NEAR-EQUATORIAL ORBITS CAN PROVIDE CONTINUOUS GLOBAL COVERAGE......EXCEPT FOR THE POLES GEO-SYNCHRONOUS SATCOM

11. HIGHLY INCLINED, ELLIPTICAL MOST COMMON ORBIT: NEAR POLAR ALTITUDE: 200 TO 10000 NM LIFE SPAN: 1 YEAR OR LONGER MAJOR EFFECT OF LIFE SPAN: CONSUMABLES PERIOD: 90 MIN TO 11 HRS

12. HIGHLY INCLINED, ELLIPTICAL ORBIT...DO NOT PROVIDE CONTINUOUS GLOBAL COVERAGE HIGHLY INCLINED, ELLIPTICAL ORBITS COVER THE POLES, BUT... HIGHLY ELLIPTICAL ORBITS

13. NEAR-EARTH MOST COMMON ORBIT: NEAR POLAR ALTITUDE: 100 - 200 NM LIFETIME: LESS THAN 1 YEAR MAJOR EFFECT ON LIFESPAN: ATMOSPHERIC DRAG PERIOD: 90 MIN

14. NEAR-EARTH ORBIT NEAR-EARTH SATCOM SYSTEMS USE MANY SMALL, CHEAP SATELLITES TO PROVIDE WIDE AREA COVERAGE NEAR-EARTH ORBITS

15. SATCOM VS TERRESTRIAL COMM GENERAL ADVANTAGES LINE OF SIGHT NOT REQUIRED BETWEEN USERS COMMUNICATION COST & QUALITY LESS SENSITIVE TO DISTANCE AND TERRAIN EFFECTS MOBILE COMM LINKS BEYOND LINE OF SIGHT DIRECT COMMUNICATIONS TO REMOTE AREAS, NO NEED FOR INTERMEDIATE GROUND RELAYS WIDE AREA OR FOCUSED BROADCAST OPTIONS LARGE CAPACITY FOR MESSAGE TRAFFIC MINIMUM RESTRAINT ON USERS

16. COMSAT ADVANTAGES TERRESTRIAL COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

17. SATCOM VS TERRESTRIAL COMM MILITARY RELATED ADVANTAGES SMALLER TERMINALS THAN WHOLE TERRESTRIAL SYSTEM LOW PROBABILITY OF INTERCEPT OR DETECTION HIGHER DEGREE OF RELIABILITY AND SURVIVABILITY REDUCED LOGISTICAL BURDENS REDUCED SITING PROBLEMS RAPID NETWORK DEPLOYMENT, RECONFIGURATION EASILY EXPANDED FLEXIBLE CONNECTIVITY COLLOCATED WITH UNIT FOR DEFENSE

18. SATCOM VS TERRESTRIAL COMM LIMITATIONS HIGH COST FOR SATELLITES, SPACELIFT, TERMINALS, AND COMMAND & CONTROL RESOURCES FREQUENCY SPECTRUM ORBITAL POSITION AVAILABILITY VULNERABILITY TO ASAT WEAPONS & JAMMING

19. OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES BASIC PRINCIPLES MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS THE WAY AHEAD

20. PROVIDE TIMELY ACCESS TO INFORMATION AND DISSEMINATION OF DECISIONS TO GLOBALLY DEPLOYED MILITARY FORCES DSCS FLTSATCOM UFO MILSTAR AFSATCOM

21. MILSATCOM REQUIREMENTS HARD-CORE SOFTCORE GENERAL PURPOSE HIGH CAPACITY, SURVIVABLE COMMUNICATIONS FOR DOD SECURE, SURVIVABLE COMMAND AND CONTROL FOR HIGH PRIORITY USERS LOWER PRIORITY COMMUNICATIONS WITH MINIMUM SURVIVABILITY REQUIREMENTS

22. GENERAL PURPOSE COMMUNICATIONS USERS MOBILE TERMINALS TACTICAL BROADCAST SATCOM SYSTEMS FLEET SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS UHF F/O COMMERCIAL

23. MILSATCOM REQUIREMENTS HARD-CORE SOFTCORE GENERAL PURPOSE HIGH CAPACITY, SURVIVABLE COMMUNICATIONS FOR DOD SECURE, SURVIVABLE COMMAND AND CONTROL FOR HIGH PRIORITY USERS LOW PRIORITY COMMUNICATIONS WITH MINIMUM SURVIVABILITY REQUIREMENTS

24. SOFTCORE COMMUNICATIONS USERS AUTODIN/AUTOSEVOCOM DEFENSE DATA NETWORK (DDN) DEFENSE SWITCHED NETWORK (DSN) DIPLOMATIC TELECOMM SERVICE (DTS) GROUND MOBILE FORCES (GMF) SATCOM SYSTEMS DEFENSE SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM (DSCS)

25. MILSATCOM REQUIREMENTS HARD-CORE SOFTCORE GENERAL PURPOSE HIGH CAPACITY, SURVIVABLE COMMUNICATIONS FOR DOD SECURE, SURVIVABLE COMMAND AND CONTROL FOR HIGH PRIORITY USERS LOW PRIORITY COMMUNICATIONS WITH MINIMUM SURVIVABILITY REQUIREMENTS

26. HARD-CORE COMMUNICATIONS USERS NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITY/CINC NETWORKS EMERGENCY ACTIONS MESSAGE DISSEMINATION TO STRATEGIC FORCES TAKE CHARGE AND MOVE OUT (TACAMO) AIRBORNE WARNING AND CONTROL SYSTEM (AWACS) SATCOM SYSTEMS MILSTAR AF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM (AFSATCOM)

27. UHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS ADVANTAGES GREATER CHANNEL CAPACITY SMALL, ECONOMICAL, HIGHLY MOBILE MATURE TECHNOLOGY ==> RELIABLE EXCELLENT QUALITY 300-3000 MHz DISADVANTAGES VULNERABLE TO NUCLEAR BLACKOUT SUSCEPTIBLE TO JAMMING AND INTERCEPT CROWED SPECTRUM

28. UHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS LARGE AREA COVERAGE MOBILE TERMINALS MINIMAL PROTECTION LDR, SOME MDR

29. FLEET SATELLITE MISSION GLOBAL, UNPROTECTED TACTICAL COMMUNICATIONS FOR NAVAL AIRCRAFT, SURFACE SHIPS, SUBMARINES AND SHORE STATIONS

30. FLEET SATELLITE

31. FLEET SATELLITE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION CAPABILITIES 23 CHANNELS (FLEET BROADCAST, FLEET RELAY AIR FORCE NARROWBAND AND DOD WIDEBAND) TERMINALS ARE MANPACKS, AIRBORNE, SHIP/SHORE AND SIOP MISSION TERMINALS EHF TEST PACKAGE ON LAST TWO FLIGHTS NO POLAR COVERAGE CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS 4 OPERATIONAL SATELLITES 5 YEAR DESIGNED LIFE LAUNCHED 1978 TO 1989 1 SATELLITE PER SECTOR

32. FLEET SATELLITE

33. UHF F/O MISSION GLOBAL, UNPROTECTED TACTICAL COMMUNICATIONS FOR NAVAL AIRCRAFT, SURFACE SHIPS, SUBMARINES AND SHORE STATIONS REPLACES FLTSAT/LEASED SATELLITE CONSTELLATION GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS FOR NAVAL FORCES EAM AND SIOP DISSEMINATION (AFSATCOM) PRESIDENTIAL COMMAND NETWORK

34. UHF FOLLOW-ON SATELLITE

35. UHF F/O SYSTEM DESCRIPTION CAPABILITIES 39 CHANNELS (SOME POSSESS ANTI-JAM CAPABILITY) TERMINALS ARE MANPACKS, AIRBORNE, SHIP/SHORE AND SIOP MISSION TERMINALS EHF TEST PACKAGE ON FLIGHTS 4-10 NO POLAR COVERAGE CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS 6 SATELLITES ( 1 ACTIVE, 1 TACO) 14 YEAR DESIGNED LIFE COMPLETE DEPLOYMENT BY 1998 (10 SATELLITES) PAYLOAD CONFIGURATION BY NAVAL SPACE COMMAND SATELLITE CONTROL BY AF SPACE COMMAND

36. UHF FOLLOW-ON SATELLITE

37. FLTSAT & UHF F/O USERS NUCLEAR FORCE COMMAND NUCLEAR FORCE COMMAND & CONTROL & CONTROL TT&C TT&C DATA DISTRIBUTION DATA DISTRIBUTION I&W I&W FLEET BROADCAST FLEET BROADCAST TACTICAL INTEL TACTICAL INTEL OTHER WARFARE USES OTHER WARFARE USES UHF CH 23 DOD WIDEBAND USERS EAM DISSEMINATION UHF CH 1-10 UHF CH 11-22 AFSCN USAF NARROWBAND USN LAND, SEA, AIR FORCES

38. SHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS ADVANTAGES GREATER CHANNEL CAPACITY WIDESPREAD CONNECTVITY ROUTING DIVERSITY LESS VULNERABLE TO NUCLEAR BLACKOUT AND SCINTILLATION DISADVANTAGES LIMITED FREQUENCY ALLOCATION LIMITED ANTI-JAMMING CAPABILITY GROUND EQUIPMENT IS LARGE AND COSTLY

39. SHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS REGIONAL COVERAGE TRANSPORTABLE/FIXED TERMINALS LIMITED AJ PROTECTION MDR, SOME HDR

40. DSCS MISSION SECURE, SURVIVABLE COMMUNICATIONS FOR THE GLOBAL C2 SYSTEM (GCCS); MANAGED BY THE DEFENSE INFORMATION SYSTEMS AGENCY (DISA) ADDITIONAL AFSATCOM SUPPORT VIA THE DSCS III SINGLE CHANNEL TRANSPONDER (SCT)

41. DSCS SATELLITES DSCS II DSCS III

42. DSCS II SYSTEM DESCRIPTION SYSTEM CAPABILITIES TWO EARTH COVERAGE, TWO NARROW BEAM ANTENNAS 1200 SIMULTANEOUS TELEPHONE USERS LIMITED MOBILITY NO POLAR COVERAGE CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS 3 ACTIVE SATELLITES 10 YEAR DESIGN LIFE LAUNCHED 1971-1982

43. DSCS II SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

44. DSCS III SYSTEM DESCRIPTION CAPABILITIES EARTH COVERAGE, SPOT, MULTIBEAM ANTENNAS 10,000 SIMULTANEOUS TELEPHONE USERS CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS 6 OPERATIONAL SATELLITES--3 RESERVES IN GEO- STATIONARY ORBIT 10 YEAR DESIGN LIFE LAUNCHED 1982 TO PRESENT 5 DSCS OPERATIONS CENTERS WORLDWIDE, OPERATED BY USARSPACE SATELLITE HEALTH SUPPORTS BY AFSPC

45. DSCS III SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

46. DSCS EMPLOYMENT APPLICATIONS NUCLEAR SURVIVABILITY ROBUST COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM ANTIJAM AT HIGH DATA RATES SIOP AND CINC EAM/FDM MSGS

47. GROUND MOBILE FORCES EARLY WARNING NAOC GCCS ARMY SPACE COMMAND AF SPACE COMMAND PAYLOAD CONTROL TT&C DSCS EMPLOYMENT APPLICATIONS

48. EHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS ADVANTAGES EXTENSIVE BANDWIDTHS JAM RESISTANT NON-CROWDED SPECTRUM SMALL EQUIPMENT, SATELLITE APPLICATIONS LEAST VULNERABLE TO NUCLEAR BLACKOUT DISADVANTAGES TECHNOLOGY RISK -- BRAND NEW SUSCEPTIBLE TO RAIN AND ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION CAPABILITIES UN-EXPLOITED

49. EHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS PRIMARILY SPOT COVERAGE MOBILE TERMINALS AJ, AS, LPI PROTECTION LDR, MDR, HDR

50. MILSTAR MISSION PROVIDE SURVIVABLE, ENDURING, MINIMUM ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATIONS FOR COMMAND & CONTROL OF THE WARFIGHTING FORCES OF THE UNITED STATES

52. MILSTAR SYSTEM DESCRIPTION CAPABILITIES SECURE AND ENDURING COMMUNICATIONS MIX OF ORBITS -- POLAR ADJUNCTS AND INTERLINKING USER DATA STORED ON SATELLITE TO IMPROVE SYSTEM FLEXIBILITY AND SURVIVABILITY ARMY, NAVY AND AIR FORCE TERMINALS INTEROPERABLE ENCYPTED VOICE, DATA, TELETYPE OR FACSIMILE COMM CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS 2 MILSTAR ON ORBIT INITIAL LAUNCH IN 1992

53. MILSTAR USERS CINCS ARE APPORTIONED CAPACITY, AND CINCS DIRECT IMPLEMENTATION FOR THEIR USERS AIR FORCE (COMING) PRIMARILY FOR COMMAND POST USE SOME TERMINALS BACKWARD COMPATIBLE WITH AFSATCOM NAVY (AVAILABLE) SHORE, SHIP, & SUBMARINE USE FEWER OPTIONS THAN AF TERMINAL ARMY (COMING) SCAMP MANPACK; SOF/VIP APPLICATIONS SMART-T (HMMWV MOUNTED)

54. AFSATCOM MISSION SECURE, RELIABLE, SURVIVABLE, TWO-WAY GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN THE COMMAND ELEMENT AND ALL SEGMENTS OF THE FORCES THROUGH ALL LEVELS OF CONFLICT AFSATCOM EAM DISSEMINATION JCS-CINC INTERNETTING FORCE DIRECTION & REPORTING NON-SIOP FORCES

55. AFSATCOM SYSTEM DESCRIPTION CAPABILITIES WORLDWIDE CAPABILITY DOWNLINK VULNERABILITY DEPENDENT ON HOST SATELLITE CONFIGURATION TRANSPONDERS ON FLTSAT, UFO, AND DSCS SATELLITES MANAGED BY HQ AFSPC/SC

56. AFSATCOM USERS NAVAL FORCES COMMAND AND CONTROL AIRCRAFT B-52 AFSATCOM TERMINAL

57. BOMBERS AND AIRBORNE CMD POST MISSILE LAUNCH CONTROL FACILITY CINC COMMAND CENTERS NMCS AFSATCOM USERS

58. OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES BASIC PRINCIPLES MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS THE WAY AHEAD

59. COMMERCIAL SATELLITE AUGMENTATION AUGMENTATION OF DOD SYSTEMS HIGH THROUGHPUT COMMUNICATIONS NO SURVIVABILITY CAPABILITY FIXED AND SEMI-FIXED TERMINALS

60. INMARSAT DESIGNED TO PROVIDE FULL DUPLEX COMMUNICATIONS TO SHIPS FOR TELEPHONE, TELETYPE, FACSIMILE AND DATA. DOD LEASE OF CHANNELS CALLED “GAPFILLER”. PORTABLE TERMINALS LEASED TO SUPPORT DESERT STORM. INMARSAT SATELLITE

61. INTELSAT INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE ORGANIZATION 125 MEMBER NATIONS HALF OF ALL INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE CALLS NEARLY ALL TRANSOCEANIC TELEVISION NINETEEN COMSATS DEPLOYED SIX GROUND STATIONS WORLDWIDE

62. LEASAT COMMERCIAL SYSTEM TO AUGMENT THE FLEET SATELLITE CONSTELLATION FOUR SATELLITES, LAST DEPLOYED IN 1990 OPERATED BY HUGHES COMMUNICATION FOR THE US NAVY LEASAT

63. OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES BASIC PRINCIPLES MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS THE WAY AHEAD

64. DOD WARFIGHTERS HIGHLY MOBILE USERS AIR/FLEET OPERATIONS DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (DEA) WHITEHOUSE COMMUNICATIONS AGENCY NUCLEAR CAPABLE FORCES NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITITES INTEGRATED TACTICAL WARNING ASSESSMENT EAM DISSEMINATORS COVERT/SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES

65. MILSATCOM REQUIREMENTS PERSPECTIVE

66. OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES BASIC PRINCIPLES MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS THE WAY AHEAD

67. INFORMATION TO THE WARFIGHTER NEAR-REAL TIME WEATHER INFORMATION UPDATED THREAT INTELLIGENCE IMAGERY AND INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION