1. Chapter 1 Saturated Hydrocarbons Organic chemistry is involved with the protective coating on this apple.

2. 2 Organic chemistry is the study of covalent compounds ctg. carbon….. …… excluding the binary carbon compounds from group VIA.. What is organic chemistry ?

3. 3 Practice: Classify the follow compounds as organic or inorganic compounds SOCl 2 CH 3 NH 2 CoCO 3

4. 4 Organic compounds include drugs, fuels, toiletries, plastics, and fabrics. Lipstick is made of organic molecules. Cosmetics and perfumes contain organic compounds.

5. 12 | 5 Oil is a mixture of many different organic compounds.

6. 6 Gasoline is a mixture of many different organic compounds but mainly isooctane and heptane.

7. Isoctane and heptane are hydrocarbons…..…let’s look how they are classified.

8. Classification of Hydrocarbons

10. Alkanes

11. Alkanes are molecules that contain only C-C and C-H single bonds. Alkanes are acyclic while cycloalkanes are cyclic.

12. Alkanes have the formula C n H 2n+2 (where n = an integer)

13. Cycloalkanes have the formula C n H 2n

14. Practice Exercise: Circle each molecule that can be classified as an alkane

15. Types of Formulas

16. Three major categories are used to represent organic cmpds 1.Molecular ( number and type of atoms) e.g. C 3 H 8 is propane ) 2.Structural ( wide variation in use) (a) Lewis structure ( or expanded) (b) Condensed (c) Line-angle (or skeletal, not C-C-C however)

17. 3. Models ( used to represent cmpds on paper or in 3D space) (a) Ball and stick (all atoms and all bonds in 3D) (b) Space –filling (only atoms are shown in 3D) (a) Dash and wedge ( all atoms and all bonds on a 2D surface)

19. Practice Exercise: Change the line-angle formula to a condensed formula and a molecular formula. See problem 12.35 ( 1.49)

20. Review of Line Angle Structures

21. See practice problem in class

22. Naming Alkanes

23. How to Name Alkanes (C n H 2n+2 )

24. Before you learn to name alkanes you must…….

25. Learn these parent names

26. Identifying the Longest Chain

27. What is the name of this alkane?

28. Identify the longest chain and then name it

29. Naming the Substituents

30. Groups along C backbone are called substituents Alkane substituents are called alkyl groups Alkyl groups are the parent RH (alkane) minus a H atom Naming Substituents (Alkyl Groups)

31. Examples of Alkyl Groups

32. You must know these alkyl group names and the common abbreviations.. methyl (Me) ethyl ( Et) propyl( Pr) isopropyl(i-Pr)

34. What is the name of this alkane?

35. Name the alkyl groups on the longest chain. Now, indicate the location of the substituent on the chain (the locant).

36. methyl + methyl = dimethyl ethyl 2 + 5 + 6 = 9 (left to right) 2 + 3 + 7 = 10 ( right to left )

37. methyl + methyl = 2, 6-dimethyl 5-ethyl- ( note e comes before m) 2 + 5 + 6 = 13 (left to right sum is lower) 3 + 4 + 7 = 14 ( right to left )

38. 5-ethyl-2, 6-dimethyloctane

39. Let’s do a practice problem!

40. Name this compound

41. Draw the line-angle formula for this compound 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane

42. Naming Cycloalkanes

45. You must know the four cycloalkanes shown in the next slide

46. Cyclopentane Cyclohexane Cyclopropane Cyclobutane Practice: Match the name with the structure.

47. 47 Naming Cycloalkanes When naming monosubstituted cycloalkanes: 1. Name the substituent 2. Name the parent cycloalkane

48. 48 For example : These are identical molecules that are named this way: methyl + cyclohexane = methylcyclohexane

49. 49 Practice : Give the IUPAC name for each compound.

50. Isomers

51. Isomers are two or more molecules with the same molecular formula but ….. …differ in how the atoms are connected or …… how the atoms are positioned in space.

53. Are these isomers?

54. Yes they are isomers. What type of isomers are they?

55. Constitutional Isomers

56. Examples of Constitutional Isomers ( Alkanes) 2-methylpentane3-methylpentane

57. Example of Constitutional Isomers (RX) 1-bromopropane2-bromopropane

58. Examples of Constitutional Isomers ( Alkenes) 1-pentene 2-pentene

59. Stereoisomers (Alkane Conformers)

60. Conformers are stereoisomers formed by C-C bond rotation or by changes in certain ring containing molecules.

61. In general the major conformers of ethane are either eclipsed or staggered.

62. Stereoisomers (Cis-Trans)

63. Example of Ring Cis-Trans Isomers cis-1,2-dibromocyclohexane trans-1,2-dibromocyclohexane

64. Example of Alkene Cis-Trans Isomers cis-1,2-dibromoethene trans-1,2-dibromoethene

65. Classification of Carbon Atoms

66. A carbon atom in an organic compound can be classified by the number of carbon atoms bonded to it. A carbon atom is either: a.primary (1°) b.secondary (2°) c.tertiary (3°), or d.quaternary (4°)

69. Physical Properties of Hydrocarbons (saturated and unsaturated)

70. Why is oil insoluble in water? Why does it float on top of water ?

71. Property Description Solubility Density m.p./ b.p. Polarity Table of Properties for Hydrocarbons

72. Property Description SolubilitySoluble in organic solvents like ether, alcohol, acetone Insoluble in water Density m.p./ b.p. Polarity Table of Properties for Hydrocarbons

73. Property Description SolubilitySoluble in organic solvents like ether, alcohol, acetone Insoluble in water DensityLess than 0.8 g/mL ; will float above water m.p./ b.p. Polarity Table of Properties for Hydrocarbons

74. Property Description SolubilitySoluble in organic solvents like ether, alcohol, acetone Insoluble in water DensityLess than 0.8 g/mL ; will float above water m.p./ b.p.Increases as the number of C atoms increase PolarityNonpolar Table of Properties for Hydrocarbons

75. Change in b.p. of hydrocarbons as a function of structure

76. Alkane Reactions

77. 1. Combustion

80. 2. Halogenation (X atom replaces H atom; only Cl and Br are used) CH 3 Cl + HCl