1. 7. What about suffering? Sunday, March 10, 2013, 10 to 10:50 am, in the Parlor Leader: David Monyak Defending Your Faith with Reason and Precision

2. “Always be ready to make your defense to anyone who demands from you an accounting for the hope that is in you; yet do it with gentleness and reverence.” - 1 Peter 3:15-16 (NSRV)

3. Reference On Guard. Defending Your Faith with Reason and Precision, by Willian Lane Craig. David C. Cook, 2010. On Guard. Defending Your Faith with Reason and Precision, by Willian Lane Craig. David C. Cook, 2010. On Guard Study Guide, by Dennis Fuller & William Lane Craig. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2010 On Guard Study Guide, by Dennis Fuller & William Lane Craig. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2010

4. Series Outline On Guard. Defending Your Faith with Reason and Precision Week 1: Feb 17 Week 1: Feb 17 1. What is apologetics? 1. What is apologetics? 2. What difference does it make if God exists? 2. What difference does it make if God exists? Week 2: Feb 24 Week 2: Feb 24 3. Why does anything at all exist? 3. Why does anything at all exist? 4. Why did the universe begin? 4. Why did the universe begin? 5. Why is the universe fine-tuned for life? 5. Why is the universe fine-tuned for life? Week 3: Mar 3 Week 3: Mar 3 6. Can we be good without God? 6. Can we be good without God?

5. Series Outline On Guard. Defending Your Faith with Reason and Precision Week 4: Mar 10 Week 4: Mar 10 7. What about suffering? 7. What about suffering? Week 5: Mar 17 Week 5: Mar 17 8. Who was Jesus? 8. Who was Jesus? Week 6: Mar 24 Week 6: Mar 24 9. Did Jesus rise from the dead? 9. Did Jesus rise from the dead? Not covered: Not covered: 10. Is Jesus the only way to God? 10. Is Jesus the only way to God?

6. Blessed are all your Saints, O God and King, who have travelled over the tempestuous sea of this mortal life, and have made the harbor of peace and felicity. Watch over us who are still in our dangerous voyage; and remember such as lie exposed to the rough storms of trouble and temptations. Frail is our vessel, and the ocean is wide; but as in your mercy you have set our course, so steer the vessel of our life toward the everlasting shore of peace, and bring us at length to the quiet haven of our heart’s desire, where you, O our God, are blessed, and lives and reigns for ever and ever. St Augustine, 354-430

7. Introduction

8. Introduction Four Arguments for God Cosmological Arguments for God: God as “First Explanation” or “First Cause” Cosmological Arguments for God: God as “First Explanation” or “First Cause” Leibniz’s version. Leibniz’s version. Al-Ghazali’s Kalam version. Al-Ghazali’s Kalam version. Design or Teleological Argument for God: God as Designer. Design or Teleological Argument for God: God as Designer. Moral Argument for God: God as the Ultimate Source of all moral values and duties Moral Argument for God: God as the Ultimate Source of all moral values and duties

9. Introduction Cosmological Argument - Leibniz’s Version Premises: Premises: 1. Everything that exists has an explanation of its existence, either in the necessity of its own nature or in an external cause 1. Everything that exists has an explanation of its existence, either in the necessity of its own nature or in an external cause 2. If the universe has an explanation of its existence, that explanation is God. 2. If the universe has an explanation of its existence, that explanation is God. 3. The universe exists. 3. The universe exists. Conclusion. Therefore: Conclusion. Therefore: 4. The universe has an explanation of its existence. 4. The universe has an explanation of its existence. 5. The explanation of the universe’s existence is God. 5. The explanation of the universe’s existence is God.

10. Introduction Cosmological Argument -- Kalam Version Premises: Premises: 1. Whatever begins to exist has a cause. 1. Whatever begins to exist has a cause. 2. If the universe has a cause of its existence, that cause is God. 2. If the universe has a cause of its existence, that cause is God. 3. The universe began to exist. 3. The universe began to exist. Conclusion. Therefore: Conclusion. Therefore: 4. The universe has a cause. 4. The universe has a cause. 5. The cause of the universe’s existence is God 5. The cause of the universe’s existence is God

11. Introduction Teleological or Design Argument Premises: Premises: 1. The fine-tuning of the universe is due to either physical necessity, chance, or design. 1. The fine-tuning of the universe is due to either physical necessity, chance, or design. 2. If the universe has a designer, that designer is God. 2. If the universe has a designer, that designer is God. 3. The fine-tuning is not due to physical necessity or chance. 3. The fine-tuning is not due to physical necessity or chance. Conclusion. Therefore: Conclusion. Therefore: 4. The fine-tuning of the universe is due to design. 4. The fine-tuning of the universe is due to design. 5. God is the designer of the universe. 5. God is the designer of the universe.

12. Introduction Moral Argument Premises: Premises: 1. If God does not exist, objective moral values and duties do not exist 1. If God does not exist, objective moral values and duties do not exist 2. Objective moral values and duties do exist 2. Objective moral values and duties do exist Conclusion. Therefore: Conclusion. Therefore: 3. God exists. 3. God exists.

13. Introduction An Argument Against God’s Existence The most potent argument against the existence of an All-Powerful, All-Loving God is the Problem of Evil and Suffering. The most potent argument against the existence of an All-Powerful, All-Loving God is the Problem of Evil and Suffering. Doesn’t the sheer amount of suffering and evil we see in the world make it impossible, or at least unlikely, that it could have been created by an All- Powerful, All-Loving God? Doesn’t the sheer amount of suffering and evil we see in the world make it impossible, or at least unlikely, that it could have been created by an All- Powerful, All-Loving God? This is an argument against the existence of God – that is, an argument for atheism. This is an argument against the existence of God – that is, an argument for atheism. Can we defend against this argument? Can we “justify” God against all the suffering and evil we see in this world? Can we defend against this argument? Can we “justify” God against all the suffering and evil we see in this world?

14. Job, seeking to understand the mystery of suffering, argued with God and with his ‘comforters’. Then the Lord answered Job out of the whirlwind: “Where were you when I laid the foundations of the earth? Tell me, if you have understanding … Shall a faultfinder contend with the Almighty? … Will you even put me in the wrong … that you may be justified? …” Job 38: 1, 4; 40: 2, 8

15. The Problem of Evil and Suffering

16. Problem of Evil and Suffering Versions of the Problem Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem

17. Problem of Evil and Suffering Versions of the Problem Intellectual Problem: is it plausible to think that God and suffering can co-exist? Intellectual Problem: is it plausible to think that God and suffering can co-exist? Emotional Problem: the emotional dislike for a God who would permit evil and suffering. The emotional aversion to a God who would allow them or others to suffer terribly. Emotional Problem: the emotional dislike for a God who would permit evil and suffering. The emotional aversion to a God who would allow them or others to suffer terribly. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual ProblemEmotional Problem

18. Problem of Evil and Suffering Versions of the Problem Answers to the Intellectual Problem often appear dry and uncaring to someone struggling with the Emotional Problem. Answers to the Intellectual Problem often appear dry and uncaring to someone struggling with the Emotional Problem. Answers to the Emotional Problem often appear superficial and weak to someone struggling with the Intellectual Problem. Answers to the Emotional Problem often appear superficial and weak to someone struggling with the Intellectual Problem. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual ProblemEmotional Problem

19. Problem of Evil and Suffering The Intellectual Problem There are two versions of the “Intellectual” Problem of Evil and Suffering: There are two versions of the “Intellectual” Problem of Evil and Suffering: Logical Version: the coexistence of God and suffering is logically impossible. Logical Version: the coexistence of God and suffering is logically impossible. Evidential or Probabilistic Version: the coexistence of God and suffering is logically possible, but highly improbable. Evidential or Probabilistic Version: the coexistence of God and suffering is logically possible, but highly improbable. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem

20. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Logical Version It is claimed the following two statements are logically inconsistent: It is claimed the following two statements are logically inconsistent: An All All-Loving, All-Powerful God exists. An All All-Loving, All-Powerful God exists. Suffering exists. Suffering exists. Now, there is no explicit logical inconsistency here. Now, there is no explicit logical inconsistency here. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem

21. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Logical Version The atheists is making some additional hidden assumptions. The atheists is making some additional hidden assumptions. The hidden assumptions are: The hidden assumptions are: If God is All-Powerful, He can create any world He wants. If God is All-Powerful, He can create any world He wants. If God is All-Loving, He prefers a world without suffering. If God is All-Loving, He prefers a world without suffering. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem

22. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Logical Version The following statements are logically inconsistent: The following statements are logically inconsistent: Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem An All-Loving, All-Powerful God Exists. An All-Loving, All-Powerful God Exists. If God is All-Powerful, He can create any world that He wants. If God is All-Powerful, He can create any world that He wants. If God is All Loving, He prefers a world without suffering. If God is All Loving, He prefers a world without suffering. Suffering exists in the world. Suffering exists in the world.

23. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Logical Version Is this necessarily true? Is this necessarily true? It is NOT true if God creates a world where people have free will. It is NOT true if God creates a world where people have free will. God cannot create a world where: God cannot create a world where: Everyone has choices of what to do. Everyone has choices of what to do. Everyone does what God wants. Everyone does what God wants. Everyone has free will to do what they want. Everyone has free will to do what they want. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem If God is All-Powerful, He can create any world that He wants.

24. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Logical Version It is logically impossible to force someone do something freely – as logically impossible as a “round square” or a “married bachelor.” It is logically impossible to force someone do something freely – as logically impossible as a “round square” or a “married bachelor.” Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem If God is All-Powerful, He can create any world that He wants.

25. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Logical Version Is this necessarily true? Is this necessarily true? Might God not have some reasons for allowing suffering in the world? Might God not have some reasons for allowing suffering in the world? We all know situations in which we permit suffering in order to bring about a greater good. We all know situations in which we permit suffering in order to bring about a greater good. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem If God is All Loving, He prefers a world without suffering.

26. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Logical Version C. S. Lewis, in his book A Grief Observed, asked: C. S. Lewis, in his book A Grief Observed, asked: What do people mean when they say, ‘I am not afraid of God because I know He is good’? Have they never even been to a dentist?” What do people mean when they say, ‘I am not afraid of God because I know He is good’? Have they never even been to a dentist?” Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem If God is All Loving, He prefers a world without suffering.

27. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Logical Version The logical version of the atheist’s argument against God fails because the atheist cannot show: The logical version of the atheist’s argument against God fails because the atheist cannot show: If God is All-Powerful, He can create any world that He wants. If God is All-Powerful, He can create any world that He wants. If God is All Loving, He prefers a world without suffering. If God is All Loving, He prefers a world without suffering. The burden of proof is too heavy for the atheist to sustain their claim. The burden of proof is too heavy for the atheist to sustain their claim. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem

28. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Logical Version Christians can in fact assert, and make a good case for the following statement: Christians can in fact assert, and make a good case for the following statement: God could not have created another world with as much good as, but less suffering than, this world, and God has good reasons for permitting the suffering that exists. God could not have created another world with as much good as, but less suffering than, this world, and God has good reasons for permitting the suffering that exists. If this statement is even possibly true, then it is possible God and suffering both exist, and the logical version of the problem of suffering fails. If this statement is even possibly true, then it is possible God and suffering both exist, and the logical version of the problem of suffering fails. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem

29. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Logical Version After centuries of discussion, both Atheist and Christian Philosophers both agree today that the logical version of the problem of suffering fails to disprove the existence of an All-Loving, All-Powerful God. After centuries of discussion, both Atheist and Christian Philosophers both agree today that the logical version of the problem of suffering fails to disprove the existence of an All-Loving, All-Powerful God. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem

30. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Evidential Version However, the Evidential or Probabilistic version of the problem of suffering is still being hotly debated. However, the Evidential or Probabilistic version of the problem of suffering is still being hotly debated. The atheist claims that although the co-existence of an All- Powerful, All-Loving God and suffering is logically possible, it is highly improbable. The atheist claims that although the co-existence of an All- Powerful, All-Loving God and suffering is logically possible, it is highly improbable. Surely God could have reduced the amount of suffering in the world without reducing the world’s overall goodness. Surely God could have reduced the amount of suffering in the world without reducing the world’s overall goodness. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem

31. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Evidential Version There are three points we can make against this Evidential or Probabilistic version of the Problem of Suffering: There are three points we can make against this Evidential or Probabilistic version of the Problem of Suffering: 1. We’re not in a position to say it’s improbable that God lacks good reasons for permitting suffering in the world. 1. We’re not in a position to say it’s improbable that God lacks good reasons for permitting suffering in the world. 2. Relative to the full scope of the evidence, God’s existence is probable. 2. Relative to the full scope of the evidence, God’s existence is probable. 3. Christianity entails doctrines that increase the probability of the coexistence of God and suffering. 3. Christianity entails doctrines that increase the probability of the coexistence of God and suffering. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem

32. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Evidential Version From our point of view, much of the suffering in the world seems unjustified. It seems pointless and unnecessary. From our point of view, much of the suffering in the world seems unjustified. It seems pointless and unnecessary. The atheist here is arguing that because the suffering seems unjustified, it really is unjustified. The atheist here is arguing that because the suffering seems unjustified, it really is unjustified. But are we really in a position to make such a judgment with any confidence? But are we really in a position to make such a judgment with any confidence? Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem 1. We’re not in a position to say it’s improbable that God lacks good reasons for permitting suffering in the world. 1. We’re not in a position to say it’s improbable that God lacks good reasons for permitting suffering in the world.

33. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Evidential Version As finite persons, we are severely limited in space and time, intelligence and insight. As finite persons, we are severely limited in space and time, intelligence and insight. God however can view creation from beyond space and time, with an unbounded intelligence and insight. God however can view creation from beyond space and time, with an unbounded intelligence and insight. What seems pointless within our limited framework may be justified from God’s far wider framework. What seems pointless within our limited framework may be justified from God’s far wider framework. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem 1. We’re not in a position to say it’s improbable that God lacks good reasons for permitting suffering in the world. 1. We’re not in a position to say it’s improbable that God lacks good reasons for permitting suffering in the world.

34. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Evidential Version An illustration from science: An illustration from science: Chaos Theory (= The “Butterfly Effect”) tells us that many phenomenon in the world are extraordinarily sensitive to initial conditions. Chaos Theory (= The “Butterfly Effect”) tells us that many phenomenon in the world are extraordinarily sensitive to initial conditions. The slight changes in the “initial conditions” caused by a butterfly flapping its wings in East Africa can change the weather patterns over the North Atlantic a few weeks later. The slight changes in the “initial conditions” caused by a butterfly flapping its wings in East Africa can change the weather patterns over the North Atlantic a few weeks later. Chaos Theory (= The “Butterfly Effect”) tells us scientifically we are in no position to know how a seemingly insignificant event can radically alter the world. Chaos Theory (= The “Butterfly Effect”) tells us scientifically we are in no position to know how a seemingly insignificant event can radically alter the world. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem 1. We’re not in a position to say it’s improbable that God lacks good reasons for permitting suffering in the world. 1. We’re not in a position to say it’s improbable that God lacks good reasons for permitting suffering in the world.

35. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Evidential Version An illustration from pop culture: An illustration from pop culture: Movie Sliding Doors, 1998 presents us two possible versions of a woman’s life: Movie Sliding Doors, 1998 presents us two possible versions of a woman’s life: One version when she just catches a subway train before the doors slide shut One version when she just catches a subway train before the doors slide shut A second version when she just misses the subway train. A second version when she just misses the subway train. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem 1. We’re not in a position to say it’s improbable that God lacks good reasons for permitting suffering in the world. 1. We’re not in a position to say it’s improbable that God lacks good reasons for permitting suffering in the world.

36. Sliding Doors (1998)

37. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Evidential Version An illustration from pop culture: An illustration from pop culture: Movie Sliding Doors, 1998 Movie Sliding Doors, 1998 In one life she encounters failure, misery, unhappiness; in the other she is enormously successful, prosperous, and happy. In one life she encounters failure, misery, unhappiness; in the other she is enormously successful, prosperous, and happy. All because of a split-second difference in getting through subway doors! All because of a split-second difference in getting through subway doors! Given the dizzying complexity of life, we are simply in no position to judge whether God has no good reason for permitting some instance of suffering to afflict our lives. Given the dizzying complexity of life, we are simply in no position to judge whether God has no good reason for permitting some instance of suffering to afflict our lives. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem 1. We’re not in a position to say it’s improbable that God lacks good reasons for permitting suffering in the world. 1. We’re not in a position to say it’s improbable that God lacks good reasons for permitting suffering in the world.

38. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Evidential Version If we are going to estimate probabilities, we must ask, “improbable relative to what”? If we are going to estimate probabilities, we must ask, “improbable relative to what”? What is the background information we are looking at? What is the background information we are looking at? Are we just narrowing our focus on the presence of evil and suffering in the world? Are we just narrowing our focus on the presence of evil and suffering in the world? We need to include all the background information we have to estimate probabilities. We need to include all the background information we have to estimate probabilities. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem 2. Relative to the full scope of the evidence, God’s existence is probable. 2. Relative to the full scope of the evidence, God’s existence is probable.

39. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Evidential Version In particular, we must remember the four arguments we have already made for God: In particular, we must remember the four arguments we have already made for God: Cosmological Arguments for God: God as “First Explanation” or “First Cause” Cosmological Arguments for God: God as “First Explanation” or “First Cause” Leibniz’s version. Leibniz’s version. Al-Ghazali’s Kalam version. Al-Ghazali’s Kalam version. Design or Teleological Argument for God: God as Designer. Design or Teleological Argument for God: God as Designer. Moral Argument for God: God as the Ultimate Source of all moral values and duties. Moral Argument for God: God as the Ultimate Source of all moral values and duties. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem 2. Relative to the full scope of the evidence, God’s existence is probable. 2. Relative to the full scope of the evidence, God’s existence is probable.

40. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Evidential Version Although we might concede that God’s existence seems improbable relative to the suffering in the world alone, that “improbability” is outweighed by the other arguments for God’s existence. Although we might concede that God’s existence seems improbable relative to the suffering in the world alone, that “improbability” is outweighed by the other arguments for God’s existence. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem 2. Relative to the full scope of the evidence, God’s existence is probable. 2. Relative to the full scope of the evidence, God’s existence is probable.

41. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Evidential Version Certain Christian doctrines make it easier to deal with the problem of suffering than if one is working from a “bare-bones” concept of God: Certain Christian doctrines make it easier to deal with the problem of suffering than if one is working from a “bare-bones” concept of God: 3-1. The chief purpose of life is not happiness, but the knowledge of God. 3-1. The chief purpose of life is not happiness, but the knowledge of God. 3-2. Human beings are in a state of rebellion against God and God’s purpose. 3-2. Human beings are in a state of rebellion against God and God’s purpose. 3-3. God’s purpose is not restricted to this life, but spills over beyond the grave into eternal life. 3-3. God’s purpose is not restricted to this life, but spills over beyond the grave into eternal life. 3-4. The knowledge of God is an incommensurable good. 3-4. The knowledge of God is an incommensurable good. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem 3. Christianity entails doctrines that increase the probability of the coexistence of God and suffering. 3. Christianity entails doctrines that increase the probability of the coexistence of God and suffering.

42. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Evidential Version People often assume that if God exists, his purpose for human life is happiness in this life, his role to provide a comfortable environment for his “human pets.” People often assume that if God exists, his purpose for human life is happiness in this life, his role to provide a comfortable environment for his “human pets.” This is NOT the Christian view: This is NOT the Christian view: We are not God’s pets. We are not God’s pets. The goal of human life is to bring us freely to the knowledge of God, which in the end will bring true and everlasting human fulfillment. The goal of human life is to bring us freely to the knowledge of God, which in the end will bring true and everlasting human fulfillment. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem 3. Christianity entails doctrines that increase the probability of the coexistence of God and suffering. 3. Christianity entails doctrines that increase the probability of the coexistence of God and suffering. 3-1. The chief purpose of life is not happiness, but the knowledge of God. 3-1. The chief purpose of life is not happiness, but the knowledge of God.

43. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Evidential Version History must be viewed and judged from the perspective of the Kingdom of God. God’s purpose is to freely draw as many people as possible into God’s everlasting kingdom. History must be viewed and judged from the perspective of the Kingdom of God. God’s purpose is to freely draw as many people as possible into God’s everlasting kingdom. This purpose may at times “trump” human happiness in this life. This purpose may at times “trump” human happiness in this life. Comfort and immediate pleasure can make it easy for us to forget our deep dependency upon God, whereas hardship and suffering can provide occasions allowing us to more clearly see and appreciate our deep dependency upon God. Comfort and immediate pleasure can make it easy for us to forget our deep dependency upon God, whereas hardship and suffering can provide occasions allowing us to more clearly see and appreciate our deep dependency upon God. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem 3. Christianity entails doctrines that increase the probability of the coexistence of God and suffering. 3. Christianity entails doctrines that increase the probability of the coexistence of God and suffering. 3-1. The chief purpose of life is not happiness, but the knowledge of God. 3-1. The chief purpose of life is not happiness, but the knowledge of God.

44. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Evidential Version Human beings seem beset by an “original sin,” a tendency to rebel against God, alienating themselves from God, immersing themselves in a spiritual darkness, expending their energies in the pursuit of false gods of their own making. Human beings seem beset by an “original sin,” a tendency to rebel against God, alienating themselves from God, immersing themselves in a spiritual darkness, expending their energies in the pursuit of false gods of their own making. The Christian thus is not surprised at the moral evil in the world; he expects it. The Christian thus is not surprised at the moral evil in the world; he expects it. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem 3. Christianity entails doctrines that increase the probability of the coexistence of God and suffering. 3. Christianity entails doctrines that increase the probability of the coexistence of God and suffering. 3-2. Human beings are in a state of rebellion against God and God’s purpose. 3-2. Human beings are in a state of rebellion against God and God’s purpose.

45. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Evidential Version For the Christian, this life is but the cramped and narrow foyer opening up into the great hall of God’s eternity. For the Christian, this life is but the cramped and narrow foyer opening up into the great hall of God’s eternity. If God asks his children to bear suffering in this life, it is only with the prospect of heavenly joy and recompense that is beyond all comprehension. If God asks his children to bear suffering in this life, it is only with the prospect of heavenly joy and recompense that is beyond all comprehension. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem 3. Christianity entails doctrines that increase the probability of the coexistence of God and suffering. 3. Christianity entails doctrines that increase the probability of the coexistence of God and suffering. 3-3. God’s purpose is not restricted to this life, but spills over beyond the grave into eternal life. 3-3. God’s purpose is not restricted to this life, but spills over beyond the grave into eternal life.

46. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Evidential Version St. Paul writes in his second letter to the Christian community in Corinth: St. Paul writes in his second letter to the Christian community in Corinth: … we do not lose heart.... For this slight momentary affliction is preparing us for an eternal weight of glory beyond all measure, because we look not at what can be seen but at what cannot be seen; for what can be seen is temporary, but what cannot be seen is eternal. (NRSV) … we do not lose heart.... For this slight momentary affliction is preparing us for an eternal weight of glory beyond all measure, because we look not at what can be seen but at what cannot be seen; for what can be seen is temporary, but what cannot be seen is eternal. (NRSV) Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem 3. Christianity entails doctrines that increase the probability of the coexistence of God and suffering. 3. Christianity entails doctrines that increase the probability of the coexistence of God and suffering. 3-3. God’s purpose is not restricted to this life, but spills over beyond the grave into eternal life. 3-3. God’s purpose is not restricted to this life, but spills over beyond the grave into eternal life.

47. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Evidential Version The longer we spend in eternity, the more the sufferings of this life will shrink by comparison, towards an infinitesimal moment. The longer we spend in eternity, the more the sufferings of this life will shrink by comparison, towards an infinitesimal moment. Hence St. Paul’s references to this life’s “slight momentary affliction.” Hence St. Paul’s references to this life’s “slight momentary affliction.” Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem 3. Christianity entails doctrines that increase the probability of the coexistence of God and suffering. 3. Christianity entails doctrines that increase the probability of the coexistence of God and suffering. 3-3. God’s purpose is not restricted to this life, but spills over beyond the grave into eternal life. 3-3. God’s purpose is not restricted to this life, but spills over beyond the grave into eternal life.

48. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem: Evidential Version To know God, the locus of infinite goodness and love, is an incomparable good, the fulfillment of human existence. The sufferings of this life cannot be compared to it. To know God, the locus of infinite goodness and love, is an incomparable good, the fulfillment of human existence. The sufferings of this life cannot be compared to it. Thus a person who knows God, no matter what he suffers, can still truly say, “God is good to me!” by virtue of knowing God, an incommensurable good. Thus a person who knows God, no matter what he suffers, can still truly say, “God is good to me!” by virtue of knowing God, an incommensurable good. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem 3. Christianity entails doctrines that increase the probability of the coexistence of God and suffering. 3. Christianity entails doctrines that increase the probability of the coexistence of God and suffering. 3-4. The knowledge of God is an incommensurable good. 3-4. The knowledge of God is an incommensurable good.

49. Problem of Evil and Suffering Versions of the Problem Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem

50. Problem of Evil and Suffering The Emotional Problem The “Emotional Problem” of Suffering refers to the emotional dislike for a God who would permit evil and suffering, the sense of alienation and even anger towards a God who would allow them or others to suffer terribly. The “Emotional Problem” of Suffering refers to the emotional dislike for a God who would permit evil and suffering, the sense of alienation and even anger towards a God who would allow them or others to suffer terribly. To try to address such feelings, we might think about: To try to address such feelings, we might think about: the paradox of such feelings the paradox of such feelings How God is With Us in our sufferings How God is With Us in our sufferings What God went through for us in the Incarnation and the Crucifixion What God went through for us in the Incarnation and the Crucifixion Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem

51. Problem of Evil and Suffering The Emotional Problem A paradox: A paradox: When we look upon an ongoing tragedy, at the ongoing suffering of another person, of the Other, and When we look upon an ongoing tragedy, at the ongoing suffering of another person, of the Other, and out of compassion and love of the Other, out of compassion and love of the Other, ask what kind of God, what kind of “Supreme Being” could possibly let such suffering continue, ask what kind of God, what kind of “Supreme Being” could possibly let such suffering continue, what sort of “heart” could such a God, really have, to just sit idly by, apparently doing nothing, what sort of “heart” could such a God, really have, to just sit idly by, apparently doing nothing, Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem

52. Problem of Evil and Suffering The Emotional Problem A paradox: A paradox: and in our compassion and love of the Other, and in our compassion and love of the Other, feel anger and alienation towards such an apparently impotent God; feel anger and alienation towards such an apparently impotent God; we should remember we should remember the compassion and love of the Other that moves us to that anger and alienation towards God the compassion and love of the Other that moves us to that anger and alienation towards God is itself part of the image and likeness of God within us; is itself part of the image and likeness of God within us; it is a mere dull version of the far more radiant compassion and love within God. it is a mere dull version of the far more radiant compassion and love within God. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem

53. Problem of Evil and Suffering The Emotional Problem God With Us God With Us As Christians we believe that God is not insensitive to our own sufferings or the sufferings of others, but is a Loving Father who feels and shares our sufferings with us. As Christians we believe that God is not insensitive to our own sufferings or the sufferings of others, but is a Loving Father who feels and shares our sufferings with us. We vicariously feel and share the sufferings of those we love. We vicariously feel and share the sufferings of those we love. God is far more intimately connected to those we love: God feels and shares the sufferings of those we love far more intensely and vividly. God is far more intimately connected to those we love: God feels and shares the sufferings of those we love far more intensely and vividly. And God is similarly feeling and sharing the suffering of every human being. And God is similarly feeling and sharing the suffering of every human being. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem

54. Problem of Evil and Suffering The Emotional Problem God With Us God With Us Whatever reason God may have had for creating our world with its burden of evil and suffering, we may be sure that God did so knowing God would have to feel and share intimately the sufferings in every human life God created. Whatever reason God may have had for creating our world with its burden of evil and suffering, we may be sure that God did so knowing God would have to feel and share intimately the sufferings in every human life God created. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem

55. Problem of Evil and Suffering The Emotional Problem The Incarnation and Crucifixion. The Incarnation and Crucifixion. As Christians we believe that God, As Christians we believe that God, out of love “for us,” and out of love “for us,” and “for our salvation,” “for our salvation,” “emptied” God’s self and took on our humanity, “emptied” God’s self and took on our humanity, and as the person of Jesus accepted the limitations, travails and sufferings of a human life for some 30+ years, and as the person of Jesus accepted the limitations, travails and sufferings of a human life for some 30+ years, and “for our sake” died the horrific death of a Roman crucifixion. and “for our sake” died the horrific death of a Roman crucifixion. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem

56. Problem of Evil and Suffering The Emotional Problem The Incarnation and Crucifixion. The Incarnation and Crucifixion. For us and for our salvation, Jesus experienced on the cross the worse possible effect of sin and evil (though he was himself sinless) – the complete absence of communion with God – without losing confidence in the love of his Father. For us and for our salvation, Jesus experienced on the cross the worse possible effect of sin and evil (though he was himself sinless) – the complete absence of communion with God – without losing confidence in the love of his Father. For us and for our salvation, that suffering and endurance of Jesus on the cross is now eternally a part of the inner life of God, eternally present to God. For us and for our salvation, that suffering and endurance of Jesus on the cross is now eternally a part of the inner life of God, eternally present to God. Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem

57. Discussion

58. Problem of Evil and Suffering Versions of the Problem Problem of Evil and Suffering Intellectual Problem Logical Version Evidential or Probabilistic Version Emotional Problem