1. Pierfrancesco Cacciola Senior Lecturer in Civil Engineering ( Structural Design ) School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Cockcroft building, Lewes Road, BN2 4GJ, Brighton, UK Simulation of high variable random processes through the spectral- representation-based approach

2. Outline Simulation of random processes via the spectral representation method Enhancing the variability of the spectral representation method Butterworth filter Numerical results Concluding Remarks

3. Consider the zero mean one-dimensional and uni-variate Gaussian non- stationary stochastic process defined as Simulation of random processes via the spectral representation method Evolutionary power spectral density function defined (Priestley, 1965) Where with is a small interval

4. the ensemble average in equation is not commonly used to define the evolutionary spectrum due the difficulties in its numerical evaluation related to the Uncertainty Principle. Therefore indirect representation Simulation of random processes via the spectral representation method As a consequence

5. Stationary case: Wiener-Khintchin relationships Simulation of random processes via the spectral representation method

6. For the stationary case the power spectral density function can be also determined directly from experimental data Simulation of random processes via the spectral representation method Once defined the power spectral density function either through experimental or physical/theoretical approaches the simulation of the sample of the non-stationary random process through the spectral representation method is performed using the following equation (Shinozuka and Deodatis 1988, Deodatis 1996)

7. The simulated process is asymptotically Gaussian as N tend to infinity due to the Central Limit Theorem The ensemble averaged mean and correlations tends to the target BUT Simulation of random processes via the spectral representation method The variability of the energy distribution/Fourier spectra is not controlled

8. Enhancing the variability of the spectral representation method: Recorded Earthquakes in Messina 0102030 time [sec] a g [ c m / s e c 2 ] -4 0 4 time [sec] 05101520 a g [ c m / s e c 2 ] -4 0 4 time [sec] a g [ c m / s e c 2 ] 0102030 -8 -4 0 4 8 010203040 time [sec] a g [ c m / s e c 2 ] -10 0 10

9. Enhancing the variability of the spectral representation method: Recorded Earthquakes in Messina

12. To enhance the variability of the simulated random samples in this paper it is proposed to introduce a random filter acting in series with the expected value of the power spectrum Enhancing the variability of the spectral representation method is real positive function that satisfies the following equation is the vector collecting the random parameters of the filter is the joint probability density function of random parameter of the filter

13. Embedding the proposed random spectrum in the traditional spectral representation method (SRM) the following simulation formula is derived Enhancing the variability of the spectral representation method The samples generated by equation are Gaussian as N tends to infinity due to the Central Limit Theorem and converge to the target mean and correlation function (proved in the paper)

14. can be determined considering the distribution of the energy around the expected vale for each frequency (practically unfeasible). Alternative strategy is to consider synthetic parameters defining the variability of the energy distribution such as the bandwidths and central frequency. To this aim the following pass-band Butterworth filter will be adopted Butterworth filter

15. The distribution of the filter parameters and can be defined through experimental data measuring the central frequency and bandwidth of the squared Fourier spectrum of the recorded samples.

16. Butterworth filter to illustrative purpose the filter parameters will be assumed statistical independent and uniformly distributed. Therefore, Therefore, with

17. Numerical results Stationary case: Kanai-Tajimi spectrum - simulated samples : a) Traditional SRM; b) proposed EV-SRM

18. Numerical results Stationary case: Kanai-Tajimi spectrum – Fourier transform of the simulated samples :a) Traditional SRM; b) proposed EV-SRM

19. Numerical results Stationary case: Kanai-Tajimi spectrum – proof of convergence

20. Numerical results Non-Stationary case: Evolutionary Kanai-Tajimi spectrum - simulated samples : a) Traditional SRM; b) proposed EV-SRM

21. Numerical results Stationary case: Evolutionary Kanai-Tajimi spectrum – Fourier transform of the simulated samples :a) Traditional SRM; b) proposed EV-SRM

22. Numerical results Stationary case: Evolutionary Kanai-Tajimi spectrum – proof of convergence

23. Numerical results The influence of the enhanced spectrum variability is then investigated through the Monte Carlo study of the distribution of peak values Convergence of the mean value of the peak versus the number of samples n for the a) stationary and b) non-stationary process: traditional SRM (solid line), SRM with enhanced variability (dash-dotted line).

24. Numerical results The influence of the enhanced spectrum variability is then investigated through the Monte Carlo study of the distribution of peak values Convergence of the variance of the peak value versus the number of samples n for the a) stationary and b) non-stationary process: traditional SRM (solid line), SRM with enhanced variability (dash-dotted line).

25. Numerical results The influence of the enhanced spectrum variability is then investigated through the Monte Carlo study of the distribution of peak values Comparison between the distribution of peaks for the a) stationary and b) non-stationary process: traditional SRM (solid line), SRM with enhanced variability (dash-dotted line).

26. Numerical results The influence of the enhanced spectrum variability is then investigated through the Monte Carlo study of the distribution of peak values Comparison between the cumulative distribution of peaks for the a) stationary and b) non-stationary process: traditional SRM (solid line), SRM with enhanced variability (dash-dotted line).

27. A modification to the traditional spectral-representation-method aimed to control the variability of the simulated samples of the random process is proposed. The Butterworth pass-band filter with random parameters has been included in the simulation formula to generate samples with different Fourier spectra. Remarkably the peak distribution is significantly sensible to the spectrum variability and the latter should be carefully considered when reliability analyses are performed. It is also expected in general that the spectrum variability influence whereas non-linear transformation of the power spectrum.are involved. Concluding remarks