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Histology.

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Presentation on theme: "Histology."— Presentation transcript:

1 Histology

2 4 Types of Tissues Neural Muscle Epithelial Connective
Human Body Tissues Epithelial Connective Muscle Neural

3 What are Epithelial Tissues?
Structure Cover internal and external surfaces Close together Avascular Easily regenerated Life span: 1-2 days Basement membrane: attaches epithelia to underlying connective tissue Made of protein fibers Functions Protection Permeability Secretion Exocrine glands

4 Epithelial Surfaces Basolateral Surface Apical Surface
Attached to underlying cells or tissues Sides of the cell Apical Surface Microvilli Increase surface area Absorption and secretion Cilia Beat to move materials across the surface Apical Surface Basolateral Surface

5 Squamous Epithelium Simple Squamous Stratified Squamous
Shape: thin, flat cells; 1 layer Function: diffusion; filtration Found: forms capillary walls; lines air sacs in lungs Stratified Squamous Shape: thin, flat cells; multiple layers Function: protection Found: skin surface; lines tongue, mouth, esophagus, & anus

6 Cuboidal Epithelium Simple Cuboidal Stratified Cuboidal
Shape: box-shaped; 1 layer Function: secretion; absorption Found: covering the surface of ovaries; lining kidney tubules, salivary ducts, & pancreatic ducts Stratified Cuboidal Shape: box-shaped; multiple layers Function: strengthen lumen walls Found: ducts of large sweat glands, salivary glands, & pancreas

7 Columnar Epithelium Simple Columnar Pseudostratified Columnar
Shape: tall, rectangular; 1 layer Function: absorption, secretion, & protection Found: lines stomach, intestinal tract, excretion ducts, gall bladder Pseudostratified Columnar Shape: single layer, irregularly shaped (looks like multiple layers) Function: protection, secretion Found: lining respiratory passageways & auditory tubes

8 Transitional Epithelium
Shape: Numerous layers of rounded cells Function: withstands stretching Found: lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters & urethra

9 4 Types of Tissues Neural Muscle Epithelial Connective
Human Body Tissues Epithelial Connective Muscle Neural

10 What are Connective Tissues?
Structure Highly vascular 3 Components: Cells Protein Fibers Ground Substance Functions (lots of variation!) Support & Protect – framework Transport materials – fluid with dissolved materials Energy reserve – fat in adipose tissue Defense – responds to pathogens by releasing antibodies Protection of organs

11 3 Types of Connective Tissues
Connective Tissue Proper Syrupy ground substance Ex: Loose (areolar, adipose) & Dense (ligaments, tendons) Fluid Connective Tissue Cells suspended in watery ground substance with dissolved proteins Ex: Blood & Lymph Supporting Connective Tissue Dense ground substance Closely packed fibers Ex: Cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage) & Bone

12 1. Connective Tissue Proper – Cell Types
Fibroblasts Produce and maintain connective tissue fibers & ground substance Permanent Local maintenance & repair Macrophages Defense: Engulf pathogens & damaged cells Release chemicals to stimulate immune response Fixed or migrating (reinforcement) Adipocytes Fat cells Nuclei & organelles pushed to the side

13 1. Connective Tissue Proper – Fiber Types
Collagen Long, straight, unbranched Flexible Elastic Protein – elastin Wavy, branched, stretchy

14

15 1. Connective Tissue Proper – Loose Connective Tissue
Areolar Tissue Contains all cells and fibers of connective tissue proper Separates skin from muscles Provides padding Allows movement Extensive blood supply Adipose Tissue Adipose (fat) cells Behind eyes, kidneys, heart, abdomen, buttocks, & breasts

16 1. Connective Tissue Proper – Dense Connective Tissue
Mostly collagen Regular – collagen fibers are parallel Tendons – connect skeletal muscle to bone Ligaments – connect bone to bone, contain elastin

17 2. Fluid Connective Tissue
Blood Plasma – watery matrix with dissolved proteins Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets Lymph Interstitial fluid (water & solutes) enters lymphatic vessels

18 3. Supporting Connective Tissue - Cartilage
Cartilage – gel with embedded fibers Chondrocytes – cells found in lacunae Difficult to repair – no blood vessels 3 Types: Hyaline – closely packed fibers, tough but flexible Connects ribs to sternum, supports trachea of respiratory tract, covers bone surfaces in joints Elastic – elastic fibers, very flexible External flap of outer ear, epiglottis, auditory tube Fibrocartilage – little ground substance, collagen fibers, durable & tough Between vertebrae, between pubic bones, around or within some joints

19 Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Fibrocartilage

20 3. Supporting Connective Tissue - Bone
Osseous Tissue – bone Matrix – hard calcium & flexible collagen Little ground substance Osteocytes found in lacunae Lacunae surrounded by blood vessels Canaliculi extend from central canal

21 4 Types of Tissues Neural Muscle Epithelial Connective
Human Body Tissues Epithelial Connective Muscle Neural

22 What are Muscle Tissues?
Specialized for contraction 3 Types: Skeletal Muscle – striated, voluntary muscle Large multinucleated cells (long & slender) Striations (series of bands) Cardiac Muscle – striated, involuntary muscle Smaller striated cells, one nucleus Interconnected by intercalated discs only found in the heart Smooth Muscle – nonstriated, involuntary muscle Small, slender cells with one nucleus walls of blood vessels, hollow tube-like organs

23 4 Types of Tissues Neural Muscle Epithelial Connective
Human Body Tissues Epithelial Connective Muscle Neural

24 What are Neural Tissues?
Specialized for conducting electrical impulses Neurons – communicate through electrical events Long cell with 3 main parts Cell body with nucleus Dendrites – branching projections that receive info Axon – long projections (with synaptic terminals) that relay signals to other cells Limited ability to repair

25 4 Types of Tissues Neural Muscle Epithelial Connective
Human Body Tissues Epithelial Connective Muscle Neural

26 Tissue Injury & Repair Inflammation
In response to pathogens, impact, abrasion, extreme temperatures, or chemical irritation Mast cells release chemicals (i.e. histamine) that dilate blood vessels to induce swelling, redness, heat, & pain Regeneration Fibroblasts produce dense collagen fibers called fibrous tissue (aka scar tissue)

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