1. Hartmut Abele Knoxville, 8 June 2006 Neutron Decay Correlation Experiments

2. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 2 Neutron Beta Decay Electron Neutron Spin Electron Neutron Spin A W( )={1+ v/c PA cos( )} Detector

3. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 3 Coefficient A Coefficient A and lifetime  determine V ud and Electron Neutron Spin Electron Neutron Spin A W( )={1+ v/c PA cos( )} = g A /g V No coincidences !

4. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 4 For a correlation coefficient A measurements, we need … Neutrons a Polarizer a Spin Flipper an Analyzer a Spectrometer

5. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 5 Correlation measurements in  -decay Electron Proton Neutrino Neutron Spin A B C Observables in neutron decay: Lifetime  Spin Momenta of decay particles Observables in neutron decay: Lifetime  Spin Momenta of decay particles n  p e e a D R N

6. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 6 Parameters and Observables SM Parameters Strength: G F Quark mixing: V ud Ratio: = g A /g V Observables Lifetime  Correlation A Correlation B Correlation C Correlation a Correlation D Correlation R Beta Spectrum Proton Spectrum Polarized Spectra Beta Helicity Electron Proton Neutrino Neutron Spin A B C

7. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 7 the Neutron 3-quark System: udd Beta-decay d  u e Flux 1.2 x 10 15 cm -2 s -1 cold neutrons ultra cold neutrons

8. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 8 Hot topic questions beyond the SM What do we learn from V ud and quark mixing? What is the origin of P- violation? T-violation? Additional forces Number of quark generations Neutrino helicity Search for RHC: W- mass and mixing  CP-violation

9. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 9 Neutrons at the SNS

10. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 10 Neutron Production at the ILL

11. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 11 Particle Physics: SM Tests 3D Neutron Tomography Gravitation and Bound Quantum States

12. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 12 Neutron Production

13. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 13 1.1 A Measurement of Correlation A A new beam: decay rate 1 MHz/m The ‘ballistic’ super-mirror cold-neutron guide H113 H. Haese et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A485, 453 (2002) New Polarizers (TU Munich, ILL, HD) New Geometry for Beam polarization A perfectly polarized neutron beam Signal to Background > 1000 : 1 A new beam: decay rate 1 MHz/m The ‘ballistic’ super-mirror cold-neutron guide H113 H. Haese et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A485, 453 (2002) New Polarizers (TU Munich, ILL, HD) New Geometry for Beam polarization A perfectly polarized neutron beam Signal to Background > 1000 : 1

14. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 14 The Experimental Setup at PF1B M. Schumann 2006

15. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 15 1.2 Tools

16. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 16 Polarizer Spin up: reflected Spin down: absorbed Coherent nuclear (strong) and electronic (magnetic) scattering Scattering probability: resulting polarization: UFUFUFUF x 100 neV

17. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 17 T. Soldner, A. Petoukhov, V. Nesvizhevsky, M. Kreuz

18. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 18 The new Polarizer Munich, ILL, HD A new geometry for Beam polarization A perfectly polarized neutron beam Status 2002 Status 2004 98 % 100 % 96 % 100 % 90 % 95 % 94 % 96 % T. Soldner, A. Petoukhov, V. Nesvizhevsky, M. Kreuz

19. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 19 Tools Fermipotential: -Matter 100 neV Neutron guides Wavelength filter Polarizer/Analyzer UCN -perfect mirror -neutron bottles UFUFUFUF x 100 neV

20. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 20 The new Polarizer Munich, ILL, HD A new geometry for Beam polarization A perfectly polarized neutron beam Status 2002 Status 2004 98 % 100 % 96 % 100 % 90 % 95 % 94 % 96 %

21. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 21 Rf Spin flipper Lab frame Rotating frame

22. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 22 The Instrument

23. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 23 1.3 Coefficient A: Spectrometer Perkeo II to beamstop precise electron spectroscopy Electron Neutron Spin Electron Neutron Spin A

24. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 24 Principle: 2x2  - Detection two hemispheres backscattering suppression low background strong beam PF1: -count rate  systematic Spectrometer Perkeo II zum beamstop precise electron spectroscopy = g A /g V

25. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 25 Results Spectra Dissertation D. Mund, 2006

26. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 26 Result Asymmetry A Dissertation D. Mund, 2006

27. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 27 Beamrelated Background Collimation system < 0.15 s -1 Det. 0 Det. 1 Fitregion Electron- Spectrum Beamline BG

28. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 28 2002: result: A = -0.1189(8) = -1.2739(19) 2006: result: A = -0.11948(40) = -1.2754(11)

29. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 29 Collaboration PERKEOII 1995 - 2006 ILL Grenoble J. Last, U. Mayerhofer, O. Zimmer, V. Nesvizhevsky, T. Soldner, A. Petoukhov Universität Heidelberg Stefan Baeßler, C. Raven, T. Müller, C. Metz, M. Astruc Hoffmann, Uta Peschke, Jürgen Reich, Bernhard Brand, Michael Kreuz, Ulrich Mayer Daniela Mund, Christian Plonka, Christian Vogel, Bastian Märkisch, Markus Brehm, Jochen Krempel, Marc Deissenroth, Marc Schumann, Alexander Kaplan, Daniel Wilkin, Dirk Dubbers, H.A. U. Mainz S. Baeßler FZK F. Glück

30. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 30

31. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 31 Recommended value for lambda = -1.2750  0.0009

32. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 32 1.4 A and A as a function of g A and g V Time reversal invariance, phase 180° v e = c, v  = c,  see Lecture at Black Board

33. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 33

34. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 34 Thesis Doehner 1991

35. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 35

36. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 36

37. Hartmut Abele, University of Heidelberg 37 Solar cycle p p  D e +  e p p e  D  e … Neutron star formation p e  n  e Primordial element formation n e +  p  e ' p e  n  e n  p e  e ' Neutrino detectors p  e '  n e + Neutrino forward-scattering  e p  e + n etc. W, Z-production p p'  W  e  e ' etc. Solar cycle p p  D e +  e p p e  D  e … Neutron star formation p e  n  e Primordial element formation n e +  p  e ' p e  n  e n  p e  e ' Neutrino detectors p  e '  n e + Neutrino forward-scattering  e p  e + n etc. W, Z-production p p'  W  e  e ' etc. PROCESSES WITH SAME FEYNMAN DIAGRAM: = g A /g V