2. Neolithic Revolution 8.000 – 7.000 B.C. -Production of an alimentar surplus (more agricultural products thanks to the first technologies to store cereals) -Great Empires (Egypt, Mesopotamia, China…)  complex forms of government and administration -Cultural change Cities are still an exception: only 10%-12% of the population live in the cities Industrial Revolution 18° century -Growing of the population -Increasing of productivity -Technological innovation (rail system) -New communication systems (telephone)

3. Gemeinschaft (Community) Gesselschaft (Society) Town, villageCity, metropolis Organized around familyComplex trade and industry Agricultural economyMoney economy Local political culture Primary sentimental relationshipsSecondary sentimental relationships Essential willArbitrary will

4. Metropolitan life  intensification of stimuli The METROPOLITAN TYPE OF MAN develops an organ protecting himself against the threatening of the external environemnt  predominance of intelligence Blunting of discrimination Metropolis as the seat of the MONEY ECONOMY  «how much?»  anonimity

5. CITY = particular form of human association «relatively dense and permanent settlement of socially heterogeneous individuals» Spatial segregation Schizoid character Highly segmented roles Formal controls

6. «The city is a state of mind, a body of customs and traditions and of hte oganized attitudes and sentiments that inhere in thes ecustoms and are trasmitted with this tradition. The city is not, in other words, merely a physical mechanism and an artificial construction. It is involved in the vital proess of the people who compose it, it is a product of nature, and particularly of human nature» (Park) CITY = physical shape and social characters ECOLOGICAL THEORY + ETHNOGRAPHIC METHOD

7.  Thomas and Znaniecki (1918) The Polish peasant in Europe and in America: Monograph of an immigrant group  Wirth L. (1928) The ghetto  Thrasher, Frederick (1927) The Gang. University of Chicago Press.  Anderson N. (1923) The Hobo Contemporary wokrs inspired by this school: o Wacquant, Loïc (2004) Body and Soul: Ethnographic Notebooks of An Apprentice-Boxer o Sclavi M. (1994) La signora va nel Bronx

8. ECONOMIC DIMENSION POLITICAL DIMENSION ECOLOGICAL DIMENSION CULTURAL DIMENSION Cities and underdevolpment Cities and wordwide economic development Urban labour market Social segregation Cities administration Urban policies Social class and urban conflicts New urban poverties Distribution of social groups in the urban space Typologies of urban settings Sustainability and Urban Development Cities and cultural life Urban subculture Emargination of minorities