1. The New York Control Area (NYCA)
Session 4.
The New York Control Area (NYCA)
Bob Waldele
Manager – Operations Engineering
Operations & Reliability
NYISO

2. Robert Waldele mini-bio
33 years with NYPP and NYISO (transmission planning, dispatcher training, operations engineering)
BSEE(Comp. Sci., Power) Northwestern University
Railfan/Photographer, Model Railroader (garden)
Church Organist and Choir Director
Rumored to have caused first Blackout (Nov. 9, 1965) while still in high school
Member of “Operator Tools, Training, and EMS Performance” Team of the NERC 2003 Blackout Investigation Task Force
Active participant in numerous IEEE-PES, NPCC, NERC and EPRI study and support groups

3. Annie Liebovitz – photographer
“Success didn’t spoil me, I’ve always been insufferable.”

4. The New York Control Area (NYCA)
Location of major facilities
Generation
Transmission system & constraints
The New York ISO
Commercial responsibilities
Normal operation responsibilities
Emergency operation responsibilities
Transmission interfaces (“flowgates”)
Likely transmission constraints in NYCA
Ties with neighboring systems
OASIS

5. Sprainbrook Dunwoodie
New York State
Transmission System
(230 kV and above)
Legend:
345 kV
500 kV
230 kV
765 kV
Willis
Millwood
E. Garden City
Shore Rd.
Farragut
Goethals
E. Fishkill
Roseton
Coopers Corners
Rock Tavern
Buchanan
Ramapo
Rotterdam
New Scotland
Leeds
Gilboa
Fraser
Stolle Rd.
Meyer
Hillside
Alps
Watercure
Oakdale
Adirondack
Clay
Lafayette
Pannell
Sta. 80
Somerset
Niagara
Huntley
Dunkirk
Oswego Complex
Porter
Marcy
Edic
Chateauguay
Homer City
Plattsburgh
Moses
Massena
Pleasant Valley
W49St/Rainey
Sprainbrook Dunwoodie

6. The New York ISO What does the NYISO do? Commercial responsibilities
Administers the Tariffs
Open Access Transmission Tariff (“OATT”)
Market Services Tariff
Agreements with Market Participants
NYISO has operational responsibilities to insure the reliability of the NYCA and its interconnections

7. NYISO Markets Energy - in two separate markets:
Day-Ahead
Real-Time
2 direct bid Ancillary Services
Operating Reserve
Regulation
Generation Capacity - ICAP
Cost Based Ancillary Services
Congestion Protection - the “TCC”

8. More commercial information?
We are not going to go into detail about the NYISO Market Operation
NY Market Operation Course (NYMOC)
Covers the aspects of dealing with the Market Information System (MIS), participating in the several ancillary service markets
Go to for more information and schedule and registration
And now a word from “MY sponsor”

9. System Operations What does the NYISO do?
Transmission system security (“Reliability Coordinator”)
Control Area Operator (“balancing authority”)
Outage Scheduling
Planning (resource, transmission, load forecasting)
Generator interaction with NYISO Control Area Operation

10. Overview of Control Area Operation
Ontario (IESO)
Quebec
ISO-NE
PJM
New York Control Area
This is the NY control area. It is bounded by 4 other control areas: PJM, ISO-NE, IMO and HQ (Trans Energy).
In order to understand control area operation and know exactly where we are now, we may find it beneficial to take a step back into history and view the system from the past.

11. Reliability Coordinator’s Responsibility
If we don’t coordinate the collective security of the interconnected power system, the whole business can collapse like a house of cards. It has happened, and it’s not pretty:
The Northeast Blackout – Nov. 9th 1965
(the ‘grand-daddy’ of them all until…)

12. Other Notable Events July 1977 - New York City
July Province of Quebec
January 1994 – WSCC
December 1994 – WSCC
July, August 1996 – Pacific NW (3 times)
January 1998 – Montreal and Northern NY
December 1998 – San Francisco
And who can forget…
August 14, 2003 – Midwest and Northeast
Near Misses – Load Shedding Events
January 1994 – East Coast US
August 1996 – Eastern NY

13. …those who refuse to learn from history are doomed to repeat it.
…Santayana

14. NYISO’s RC Responsibilities
Interaction with Generation Owners
Interaction with Transmission Owners
Transmission interfaces (“flowgates”)
Likely transmission constraints in NYCA
Ties with neighboring systems

15. Interaction with Generators
Real-time security dispatch adjusts output of generators to respect system security constraints
AGC adjusts generation to maintain area control error (ACE)
Reserve pick-up adjusts generation following a contingency loss of resource

16. Load Following - RTS
RTS dispatches generators with basepoints to meet the 5 minute projected load
Primary control of generation based on availability, cost, capability limits, and response rates
Maintain reserve requirements
Adjusts generation to solve security constraints
Calculates real time prices
At the start of each dispatch - this is the reference point.
1. SCD takes a snapshot of the telemetered values of generation & transmission line flows.
2. Calculates security constraints, interchange,transmission losses & penalty factors.
3. Generator info loaded (MGF file) determines Max-min on dispatchable units.
4. Begins setting basepoints at min or max - closet to actual.
5. Sets up a linear programming problem.
6. Finds a feasible solution.
7. Optimizes the solution with least cost gen.
8. Calculates reserves and performs re-dispatch.
9. Recognize GTs.
10. Issues basepoints.

17. Maintaining Interchange Schedules

18. Generation Dispatch to Follow the Load
Day-ahead (SCUC) – commits generation to load forecast and sufficient additional generation to meet reliability requirements (including reserve)
Hour-ahead – in-day in advance of real time
Off dispatch units are scheduled by the hour
Transactions are scheduled by the hour
Additional generation needed resulting from forced outages, external schedule changes or forecast error
5-minute – load following with on-dispatch units receiving 5-min. base points
Six second – AGC with on-control units receiving 6-sec. base points respond to Area Control Error

19. SINGLE LARGEST SOURCE CONTINGENCY 1,200 MW What is needed in addition
10 MIN SYNC
30 MIN
600 MW min +
600 MW
10 MIN NON-SYNC
What is needed in addition
to 10 min SYNC (600) to total
1200 MW
10 MINUTE
TOTAL
1,200 MW
RESERVE REQUIREMENT: 1,800MW

20. NYISO Operating Reserve
Consistent with NPCC Criteria and NYSRC Reliability rules, the NYCA must maintain sufficient operating reserve to withstand any loss of generation in the CA within design criteria
NYCA Operating Reserve Requirement is 1 ½ times the largest contingency
the largest source contingency is typically 1200 MW
Operating Reserve is maintained in three catagories
Ten minute Synchronous Reserve
Total ten minute reserve
Total 30 minute reserve

21. Reserve Requirements NYISO instituted – TO communicated
Reserve Pick-up
Payment based on following NYISO basepoints
Energy dispatch based on economic selection, not necessarily units carrying reserve
Performance penalties suspended
“Max Gen” Pick-up
Generation expected to produce at maximum capability – reimbursed for energy produced – no base points
Performance penalties suspended.
Selective Max Gen Pick-up
Instituted on a zonal basis

22. Interaction with Transmission Owners
Real-time security monitors loading of critical transmission facilities and paths
NYISO coordinates facility switching for scheduled outages
Coordinate response to emergency outages and/or contingency loss of facilities
Coordinate EHV voltage profiles

23. Frequency Voltage Equipment Ratings System Constraints
Security Constraints
Frequency
Voltage
Equipment Ratings
System Constraints

24. Frequency
Frequency is an indicator of the “health” of the interconnection
Sudden changes in frequency are signals of “things happening” somewhere
Slow changes/small deviations in frequency generally indicate load/generation “trends”
“Frequency is like the weather – everybody talks about it…”

25. Voltage Frequency Equipment Ratings System Constraints
Security Constraints
Frequency
Voltage
Equipment Ratings
System Constraints

26. Voltage Control
NYISO coordinates the voltage profile on the EHV transmission system
NYISO requests for reactive support relayed by TO to generators
Report AVR outages to the NYISO
NYISO directs switching of EHV connected shunt capacitors and reactors
“Out of normal” operation of transmission regulation devices (SVCs, etc.)

27. Equipment Ratings Frequency Voltage System Constraints
Security Constraints
Frequency
Voltage
Equipment Ratings
System Constraints

28. Ratings of Facilities Transmission equipment ratings
Tie-line Rating Guide (NYSRC)
Line conductor (size, configuration)
Transformer ratings
Load & Interrupting Current ratings
Breaker continuous (load) and interrupting (fault)
CT, wavetrap, instrumentation ratings
Bus conductor ampacity
Generator capability and response rates
Voltage ratings/limits - high and low

29. Ratings of Transmission Facilities
Transmission equipment ratings
Tie-line Rating Guide (NYSRC)
Transmission line conductor
Terminal equipment and bus section
Ratings of jointly owned facilities
Rating authority – real-time updates
Transformers
Self-cooled, forced cooled
Tap-changing capability

30. Generator Equipment Ratings
Generators required to perform periodic testing to demonstrate capability
DMNC (seasonal) for real power for participation in the energy and ICAP
Reactive capability testing (annual) for participation in the VSS Ancillary Service

31. Voltage Ratings/Limits
NYISO Controlled/Secured Stations
T&D or EO Manual, App. A-3 lists stations that NYISO monitors and secures
Owner sets the post-contingency high/low voltage limits based on equipment ratings
NYISO establishes pre-contingency high/low voltage limits to secure
Prevent violation of post-contingency limit
Pre-contingency limits determined by through system studies and approved

32. System Constraints Frequency Voltage Equipment Ratings
Security Constraints
Frequency
Voltage
Equipment Ratings
System Constraints

33. Transmission System Constraints
Thermal ratings
Transient Stability Limits
Station Voltage limits
Voltage Constrained Transfers
Locational Reserve requirements
Local Reliability constraints

34. Transmission Interfaces
Historically in NYCA we have used transmission interfaces to monitor and secure the system
6 internal interfaces
Several have transient or voltage stability limits
All are evaluated on a forecast seasonal basis
4 external interfaces (neighboring CAs)
Monitor inter-Area schedules/transactions

35. Sprainbrook Dunwoodie
New York State
Transmission System
(230 kV and above)
Legend:
345 kV
500 kV
230 kV
765 kV
Willis
Millwood
E. Garden City
Shore Rd.
Farragut
Goethals
E. Fishkill
Roseton
Coopers Corners
Rock Tavern
Buchanan
Ramapo
Rotterdam
New Scotland
Leeds
Gilboa
Fraser
Stolle Rd.
Meyer
Hillside
Alps
Watercure
Oakdale
Adirondack
Clay
Lafayette
Pannell
Sta. 80
Somerset
Niagara
Huntley
Dunkirk
Oswego Complex
Porter
Marcy
Edic
Chateauguay
Homer City
Plattsburgh
Moses
Massena
Pleasant Valley
W49St/Rainey
Sprainbrook Dunwoodie
Moses-South
Central East
Dysinger East
West Central
Total East
UPNY-ConEd
NYC Cable
Total East

36. NYISO Operating Interfaces
Cross-State Interfaces
Dysinger-East
West-Central
Moses-South
Central East
Total East
UPNY-ConEd
Sprain Brook/Dunwoodie-South (NYC Cable)
Inter-Area Interfaces
NYISO-IMO
NYISO-ISO-NE
NYISO-PJM
NYISO-HQTE

37. Transmission System Constraints
Station voltage limits
Actions to prevent violation of pre-contingency voltage limits may include curtailing power transfers in the vicinity of the constraint
Other constraints
Maintaining operating reserve requirement
Locational Reserve requirements
Local Reliability constraints
Local reliability rules

38. Solving Transmission Constraints
NYISO Real-time dispatch will adjust generation to solve security constraints
Can solve thermal rating (projected post-contingency overload) constraint for individual facilities
Can solve interface constraint for
Transient Stability Limits
Voltage Stability (Collapse) Limits

39. Are we there yet? Are we there yet?

40. Summary
The foundation for maintaining Reliability comes from the adequacy and security of:
Frequency, Voltage, Reserve, Regulation, while respecting equipment and interface limits.
The NYISO uses EMS applications to commit, schedule and dispatch generation, balance load to secure the system:
Security Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC)
Balancing Market Evaluation (BME)
Security Constrained Dispatch (SCD) and Automatic Generation Control (BME)

41. Yogi Berra “Why buy good luggage? You only use it when you travel.”
…or
“When you come to a fork in the road, take it.”