1. Zagreb - Urban Cultural Identities and City Growth Zagreb - Urban Cultural Identities and City Growth Nada Švob-Đokić Institute for International Relations Zagreb

2. Zagreb: The Capital of the Republic of Croatia New ‘metropolitan’ role: new administrative functions new administrative functions rapid growth of the city (973 667 inhabitants in 2005) rapid growth of the city (973 667 inhabitants in 2005) heavy inflow of new populations (about 50 000 in 2005) heavy inflow of new populations (about 50 000 in 2005) widening of international communication, cooperation and increase of investments widening of international communication, cooperation and increase of investments centralization of the state institutions and functions centralization of the state institutions and functions centralization of trade and industry (GDP per capita: 23361 USD, which is three times Croatian average) centralization of trade and industry (GDP per capita: 23361 USD, which is three times Croatian average) cultural identification: the Croatian culture capital cultural identification: the Croatian culture capital

3. Recent migrations to the city 2001 census: 779 145 inhabitants 2001 census: 779 145 inhabitants 2005 data: 973 667 (increase of about 40 000 per year) 2005 data: 973 667 (increase of about 40 000 per year) 383 959 or 49,4% born and have been living in Zagreb; 383 959 or 49,4% born and have been living in Zagreb; 240 981 or 31% migrated to Zagreb from other parts of Croatia; 240 981 or 31% migrated to Zagreb from other parts of Croatia; 120 767 or 15,5% migrated to Zagreb from other ex-Yugoslav republics; 11,8% of these migrants came to Zagreb from Bosnia and Herzegovina; 120 767 or 15,5% migrated to Zagreb from other ex-Yugoslav republics; 11,8% of these migrants came to Zagreb from Bosnia and Herzegovina; 4.140 or 0,5% migrated to Zagreb from all other countries, including Europe, Asia, America and Australia. 4.140 or 0,5% migrated to Zagreb from all other countries, including Europe, Asia, America and Australia. After the 1990-1995 war the migration dynamics slows down, but increases again after 2000. After the 1990-1995 war the migration dynamics slows down, but increases again after 2000.

4. Cultural status of the immigrants Immigrants from ex-Yugoslavia are mostly of the Croatian origin; they usually hold the Croatian citizenship; they may display regional differences discernible in language, inherited folk cultures, living customs and habits. They identify themselves as Croatians. Immigrants from ex-Yugoslavia are mostly of the Croatian origin; they usually hold the Croatian citizenship; they may display regional differences discernible in language, inherited folk cultures, living customs and habits. They identify themselves as Croatians. Immigrants from Europe, Asia, America, Australia etc. represent a small, but very diversified group. Those coming from the European countries, Americas or Australia are in most cases of the Croatian origin. Those coming from Asia are rather diversified, but the Chinese dominate. Immigrants from Europe, Asia, America, Australia etc. represent a small, but very diversified group. Those coming from the European countries, Americas or Australia are in most cases of the Croatian origin. Those coming from Asia are rather diversified, but the Chinese dominate.

5. Zagreb: homogeneous ethnically and nationally Croatian population, with the Croatian citizenship prevails Croatian population, with the Croatian citizenship prevails Internal, ‘regional’ differences are clearly discernible (e.g., Istrians, Dalmatians, Slavonians, Zagorci, Međimurci, etc.) Internal, ‘regional’ differences are clearly discernible (e.g., Istrians, Dalmatians, Slavonians, Zagorci, Međimurci, etc.) The Mediterranean cultural mix is clearly differentiated from the ‘continental’ (i.e., Central European) cultural mix The Mediterranean cultural mix is clearly differentiated from the ‘continental’ (i.e., Central European) cultural mix Homogenization on the city level is rather strong. The immigrants of Croatian origin find the identification with the city, and particularly ‘metropolis’, more attractive then the cultural regional identification. Homogenization on the city level is rather strong. The immigrants of Croatian origin find the identification with the city, and particularly ‘metropolis’, more attractive then the cultural regional identification.

6. Zagreb: The inflow of foreign immigrants 2000-2004: the number of foreign immigrants was 1 716 2000-2004: the number of foreign immigrants was 1 716 The Chinese are most visible. 668 persons have regulated their formal status. Most of them are not coming directly from China, but from Hungary, Italy or from other Southeast European countries. The Chinese are following the constant increase of bilateral trade with Croatia (total value in 2005 was 620 million dollars, which is 68,5% more than in 2004), and particularly imports to Croatia. The largest China shop, called “The Great Wall” is in Zagreb. In 2005, 126 small shops were also registered. There are about 15 Chinese restaurants in Zagreb. The Chinese choose to settle together, and they may be organizing a Chinatown in the part of Zagreb called Kajzerica. This is a very new experience of the Croatian metropolis, and perhaps a sign of its future enhanced multicultural character. The Chinese are most visible. 668 persons have regulated their formal status. Most of them are not coming directly from China, but from Hungary, Italy or from other Southeast European countries. The Chinese are following the constant increase of bilateral trade with Croatia (total value in 2005 was 620 million dollars, which is 68,5% more than in 2004), and particularly imports to Croatia. The largest China shop, called “The Great Wall” is in Zagreb. In 2005, 126 small shops were also registered. There are about 15 Chinese restaurants in Zagreb. The Chinese choose to settle together, and they may be organizing a Chinatown in the part of Zagreb called Kajzerica. This is a very new experience of the Croatian metropolis, and perhaps a sign of its future enhanced multicultural character.

7. Zagreb: The national minority groups According to the 2001 census, there were 40.066 members of the long established national minorities in Zagreb, which was 5,14% of the city populations. According to the 2001 census, there were 40.066 members of the long established national minorities in Zagreb, which was 5,14% of the city populations. They have traditionally been well integrated into city life and activities; they are rather well organized in their respective associations and clubs, and they exercise some influence on the political and economic life of the city. They have traditionally been well integrated into city life and activities; they are rather well organized in their respective associations and clubs, and they exercise some influence on the political and economic life of the city.

8. 22 national minority groups statistically registered National minority Number % of the Zagreb population National minority Number % of the Zagreb population Albanians3.3890,43 Albanians3.3890,43 Austrians 530,01 Austrians 530,01 Bosnians6.2040,80 Bosnians6.2040,80 Bulgarians 1100,01 Bulgarians 1100,01 Czechs 8130,10 Czechs 8130,10 Germans 2880,04 Germans 2880,04 Hungarians 8410,11 Hungarians 8410,11 Italians 2770,04 Italians 2770,04 Jews 3680,05 Jews 3680,05 Macedonians1.3150,17 Macedonians1.3150,17 Montenegrins1.1310,17 Montenegrins1.1310,17 National minority Number % of the Zagreb population National minority Number % of the Zagreb population Poles 133 0,02 Poles 133 0,02 Roma1.946 0,25 Roma1.946 0,25 Romanians 37 0,00 Romanians 37 0,00 Russians 250 0,03 Russians 250 0,03 Ruthenians 123 0,02 Ruthenians 123 0,02 Slovaks 171 0,02 Slovaks 171 0,02 Slovenians3.225 0,41 Slovenians3.225 0,41 Serbs 18.811 2,41 Serbs 18.811 2,41 Turks 65 0,01 Turks 65 0,01 Ukrainians 333 0,04 Ukrainians 333 0,04 Vlachos 1 0,00 Vlachos 1 0,00

9. Integration and disintegration Statistics prove that cultural diversity of the Zagreb populations is very low. Statistics prove that cultural diversity of the Zagreb populations is very low. The legal rights of minority groups are well regulated by the Constitution (1990); Constitutional Law on human rights and liberties (1992) and other legal instruments. The legal rights of minority groups are well regulated by the Constitution (1990); Constitutional Law on human rights and liberties (1992) and other legal instruments. There is a clear tendency of minorities and recent immigrants to integrate into the city, and exercise their cultural identities and cultural rights in the frameworks of general human rights. There is a clear tendency of minorities and recent immigrants to integrate into the city, and exercise their cultural identities and cultural rights in the frameworks of general human rights. Sources of possible cultural diversity frictions are economic and social, and reflected as social and economic disintegration. This can be illustrated through the position of the Roma people. Sources of possible cultural diversity frictions are economic and social, and reflected as social and economic disintegration. This can be illustrated through the position of the Roma people.

10. The Zagreb cultural policies and cultural diversity On the city level, cultural policies have not been explicitly stated. They change as the political power oscillates and are the subject of extremely pronounced political choices in the areas of education, culture and sports. On the city level, cultural policies have not been explicitly stated. They change as the political power oscillates and are the subject of extremely pronounced political choices in the areas of education, culture and sports. Cultural strategies of the city of Zagreb do not exist either. Cultural strategies of the city of Zagreb do not exist either. The issues of cultural diversity or cultural homogeneity are completely confined to other areas of the city authorities’ activities; human rights, education, cultural infrastructures, etc. The issues of cultural diversity or cultural homogeneity are completely confined to other areas of the city authorities’ activities; human rights, education, cultural infrastructures, etc.

11. Cultural diversity reflected as social and economic inequality Degrees of heterogeneity in regional economic development: cities are likely to play a major role in fostering growth and technological diffusion. Inter-city relationships are not transparent. Degrees of heterogeneity in regional economic development: cities are likely to play a major role in fostering growth and technological diffusion. Inter-city relationships are not transparent. Zagreb is the richest and most developed part of Croatia, with the per capita GDP value (2004) three times bigger than the Croatian average. Zagreb is the richest and most developed part of Croatia, with the per capita GDP value (2004) three times bigger than the Croatian average. The Zagreb budget for culture is almost equal to the cultural state budget. The Zagreb budget for culture is almost equal to the cultural state budget.

12. Concluding remarks Metropolization and economic development increase cultural concentration and cultural homogeneity of Zagreb. This is reflected as dominance of Croatian cultural identification. Metropolization and economic development increase cultural concentration and cultural homogeneity of Zagreb. This is reflected as dominance of Croatian cultural identification. Cultural policies and cultural strategies are not reacting to the new challenges, and are not elaborating the future-oriented approaches. Cultural policies and cultural strategies are not reacting to the new challenges, and are not elaborating the future-oriented approaches. Although the international communication and cultural cooperation have slowly recovered, this is not reflected in the increased cultural diversity. Although the international communication and cultural cooperation have slowly recovered, this is not reflected in the increased cultural diversity.