1. Testing of Cement

2. Field Test
Colour
Physical properties
Presence of lumps
Strength

3. Colour should be uniform
Typical cement colour (gray colour with light greenish shade)
It gives an indication of excess of lime or clay and the degree of burning.
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4. Physical properties
Feel smooth when touched or rubbed in between fingers.
If felt rough, indicates adulteration with sand.
If hand is inserted in cement bag, hand feels cool and not warm.
If it immersed in water, it should sink and should not float
A paste of cement feel sticky
If it contains clay & silt as adulterant, it give earthy smell.
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5. Presence of Lumps It should free from hard lumps.
It is due to the absorption of moisture from atmosphere.
If a bag contains lumps it should be rejected.
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6. Strength It is tested by three methods:
Briquettes with a lean or weak mortar are made (75mm x 25mm x 12mm).
The proportion of cement & sand is 1:6.
Immersed in water for 3 days.
If cement is good it will not be broken easily and difficult to convert powder form.

7. Then it is placed on supports 150 mm apart and loaded 340N.
2. A block is prepared (25 x 25 x 200) and immersed in water for 7 days.
Then it is placed on supports 150 mm apart and loaded 340N.
It should not show signs of failure.
3. Thick paste of cement with water is made on thick glass and kept in water for 24 hours.
It should set and not crack.

8. Laboratory test for Cement
When cement is loose:
Sample is taken from at least 12 points from heap.
When cement is in bags:
At least from 12 different packages or bags.

9. Purpose of testing To determine physical & chemical properties
To regulate the various stages in manufacturing
Behavior of cement

10. Standard Tests Chemical composition Fineness Compressive strength
Tensile strength
Consistency
Setting time
Soundness

11. Chemical Composition Ratio of alumina to iron oxide < 0.66
Lime saturation factor (LSF):
Ratio of lime to Al2O3, Fe2O3 & SiO2
0.66 > and < 1.22
CaO – 0.7 so3
2.8 sio al2o fe2o3

12. Total loss on ignition should < 4%
Total Sulphur content < 2.75%
Weight of insoluble residue < 1.5%
Weight of Magnesia < 5%

13. Fineness Sieve test is conducted with the standard BIS sieve no. 9.
100g is taken and sieved for 15 min
The residue should < 10%
In Permeability apparatus test, specific surface area is calculated;
It should not < 2250 cm2/g
It gives the idea of uniformity of fineness

14. Compressive strength Mortar of cement & sand is prepared, 1:3.
Water is added, water cement ratio 0.4:1
It is placed in moulds & form cubes of sides 70.6 or 76 mm.
The cement required is 185 or 235g
Compacted in vibrating machine in 2 min.
Moulds placed in damp cabin for 24 hrs
Specimens are removed & placed in water for curing.

15. It is tested in compressive testing machine after 3 and 7 days.
Every side is calculated and average is taken.
For 3 days: > 115 kg/cm2 or 11.5 N/mm2
for 7 days: > 175 kg/cm2 or 17.5 N/mm2

16. Tensile Strength
Formerly used to have indirect indication for compressive strength
At present used for rapid hardening test.
Procedure:
Mortar is prepared cement(1) : Sand (3)
Water is added 8%
Mortar is placed in briquette moulds.

18. Typical briquette is formed.
A small heap is formed at its top.
It is beaten down by a standard spatula till water appears on the surface.
Same procedure is repeated for other sides of briquettes.
12 standard briquettes are prepared
The quantity of cement may be 600g for 12 briquettes

19. It is kept in damp cabin for 24 hrs.
It is carefully removed from mould and submerged in clean water for curing.
It is tested in testing machine after 3 and 7 days.
The load is applied at the rate of 35 kg/cm2
The cross section of briquettes at least section is 6.45 cm2
Ultimate tensile stress = failing load
6.45

20. After 3 days: > 20 kg/cm2
After 7 days: > 25 kg/cm2

21. Consistency
It is used to determine the % of water required for preparing cement pastes for other tests
Procedure:
Take 300g cement, add 30% or 90g of water
Mix water and cement on a non-porous surface. Mixing should be done.

22. Fill the mould of Vicat apparatus.
The interval between the addition of water to the commencement of filling the moulds is known as the time of gauging.