1. Speaking to Inform Speaking to Inform

2. The Four Types of Informative Speeches ObjectsObjects EventsEvents ProcessesProcesses ConceptsConcepts

3. Guidelines for informative speaking Don’t overestimate what the audience knows.Don’t overestimate what the audience knows. Relate the subject directly to the audienceRelate the subject directly to the audience a. Get your audience involved right at the beginning. b. Don’t stop with the introduction. Make sure your ideas don’t pass over the heads of your listeners? ( to define, clarify, illustrate, support)Make sure your ideas don’t pass over the heads of your listeners? ( to define, clarify, illustrate, support) Don’t be too technicalDon’t be too technical

4. Avoid abstractions a. description a. description b. comparisons b. comparisons c. contrast c. contrast d. personalizing your ideas d. personalizing your ideas

5. Gathering materials Using your own knowledge and experienceUsing your own knowledge and experience Doing library researchDoing library research Searching the internetSearching the internet Interviewing (with some tips for doing research )Interviewing (with some tips for doing research ) Classroom Activity: Conducting an interviewClassroom Activity: Conducting an interview HomeworkHomework

6. Doing library research NewspapersNewspapers Reference WorksReference Works Encyclopedia (Encyclopedia of Britannica; Encyclopedia Americana & Wikipedia (to be used with more caution)Encyclopedia (Encyclopedia of Britannica; Encyclopedia Americana & Wikipedia (to be used with more caution) Yearbooks (e.g. Statistical Abstract of the United States and the World Almanac)Yearbooks (e.g. Statistical Abstract of the United States and the World Almanac) DictionariesDictionaries Quotation Books (e.g. Oxford Dictionary of Quotations)Quotation Books (e.g. Oxford Dictionary of Quotations) Biographical Aids (e.g. International Who’s Who and Who’s Who Among Asian Americans)Biographical Aids (e.g. International Who’s Who and Who’s Who Among Asian Americans) Atlases and Gazetteers (geographical dictionaries, e.g. Merriam-Webster’s Geographical Dictionary)Atlases and Gazetteers (geographical dictionaries, e.g. Merriam-Webster’s Geographical Dictionary)

7. Searching the internet （ I ） Use the internet to supplement, not to replace, library research!Use the internet to supplement, not to replace, library research! Surfing the web and doing research on the internet are very different tasks!Surfing the web and doing research on the internet are very different tasks!

8. Searching the internet （ II ） Major Kinds of Search AidsMajor Kinds of Search Aids –Search Engines (e.g. Google, Yahoo! and 百度） –Metasearch Engines send a researcher’s quest to several search engines at the same time! –Virtual Libraries combine internet search with traditional library methods

9. Searching the internet （ III ） Specialized Research Resources on the InternetSpecialized Research Resources on the Internet –Government Resources –Reference Resources –News Resources –Multicultural Resources Question: Do you know any good specialized resources in Chinese language?

10. Searching the internet （ IV ） Evaluating Internet Documents The internet is “the largest self-publishing experiment in history.” “Don’t believe everything you read.” “The most trusted resources on the internet are those derived from printed works.”

11. Searching the internet （ IV ） Criteria for Evaluating Internet Documents Criteria for Evaluating Internet Documents –Authorship: Is the author identifiable? What are his/her qualifications? Is he/she an expert on the topic? Is his/her opinion objective or biased? Google him/her! –Sponsorship: Is the sponsor/organization impartial, objective in its research, fair-minded in its statement, and economically unbiased with the issue under discussion? Does it have a history of accuracy and nonpartisanship? Is it a.gov,.edu,.org, or.com/.net? Check the “About Us.” –Recency: Is it up-to-the-minute? Check the copyright date, publication date, or date of last revision.

12. Interviewing （ I ） Preparing for a research interviewPreparing for a research interview –Define the purpose of the interview –Decide whom to interview –Arrange the interview –Plan for the recording of the interview –Design questions: avoid unnecessary, leading, and hostile questions; make a complete set of clear, specific, and reasonable questions

13. Interviewing （ II ） Conducting the research interviewConducting the research interview –Dress properly and Be on time –Repeat the purpose, rules, and ethics of the interview –Set up the recording device ( a recorder or a note pad) –Keep the interview on track –Listen carefully and take good notes –Don’t overstay your welcome

14. Interviewing （ III ） Processing the research interviewProcessing the research interview –Send a thank-you note –Finish all your notes on the same day. Don’t trust your memory. Write down as much as you can. –Review your notes as soon as possible (for main points, themes, and powerful/useful details) –Transcribe your notes and your recording in a standardized and consistent format –Distinguish among direct quotation, paraphrases and your own ideas to avoid plagiarism –Safeguard your notes and recordings. Protect your informant’s rights and identity.

15. Fake and Shoddy Goods Have you ever bought any knockoffs (an unauthorized copy or imitation)? Intentionally? Why?Have you ever bought any knockoffs (an unauthorized copy or imitation)? Intentionally? Why? If you were to make an speech concerning this theme, what do you want to talk about?If you were to make an speech concerning this theme, what do you want to talk about?

16. Homework 1. Find one article from a database recommended in the book and one article by doing keyword search from the internet on your speech topic. Prepare a bibliography entry for each article.1. Find one article from a database recommended in the book and one article by doing keyword search from the internet on your speech topic. Prepare a bibliography entry for each article. 2. Interview at least two people to get information for this session’s speech topic. For example, you might interview people on their experience of suffering from fake and shoddy goods or ask for their opinions on whether they think “copycatting culture” should be encouraged.2. Interview at least two people to get information for this session’s speech topic. For example, you might interview people on their experience of suffering from fake and shoddy goods or ask for their opinions on whether they think “copycatting culture” should be encouraged. Read chapters concerning delivery of speech for the next session.Read chapters concerning delivery of speech for the next session.

17. Activities Check on interview and research results. Role play: on the spot interview: a consumer who has bought a fake and shoddy commodity; a producer of a fake commodity; an agent who sells the copycat products; a government official.

18. FAKE

19. “ WHAT DOES IT TASTE …”

20. WE HAVE MANY BROTHERS…

21. YOU LEAVE ME ALONE … MY NICKNAME…

23. ......

25. FAKES ARE ENDLESS…