1. Chapter 1: How are Therapeutic Modalities Related to One Another? The Basic Science Jennifer Doherty-Restrepo, MS, LAT, ATC FIU Entry-Level ATEP Therapeutic Modalities

2. Radiant Energy ___________ = Process By Which Energy In Various Forms Travels Through Space Sunlight Is A Form Of Radiant Energy Can Be Produced By Movement of Electrons –Many Modalities Produce Radiant Energy Different Forms Of Radiant Energy Are Represented By Different ___________ –Spectrum = Distinct _____________ Due To Different ______________ and ______________ ___________ = Process By Which Energy In Various Forms Travels Through Space Sunlight Is A Form Of Radiant Energy Can Be Produced By Movement of Electrons –Many Modalities Produce Radiant Energy Different Forms Of Radiant Energy Are Represented By Different ___________ –Spectrum = Distinct _____________ Due To Different ______________ and ______________

3. Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet

4. Electromagnetic Spectrum ____________________ = The Range of Frequencies And Wavelengths Associated With Radiant Energy

5. RedRed OrangeOrange YellowYellow GreenGreen BlueBlue VioletViolet Infrared (Thermal Changes) Infrared Ultraviolet (Chemical Changes) Ultraviolet

6. Electromagnetic Radiations _____________________ = Other Forms Of Radiation Beyond Infrared And Ultraviolet Regions May Be Produced When An ______________ Is Applied These Radiations Have Different Wavelengths And Frequencies Than Those In The ______________ Spectrum _____________________ = Other Forms Of Radiation Beyond Infrared And Ultraviolet Regions May Be Produced When An ______________ Is Applied These Radiations Have Different Wavelengths And Frequencies Than Those In The ______________ Spectrum

7. Electrical Stimulating Currents Commercial Radio and Television Shortwave Diathermy Microwave Diathermy InfraredInfrared LASERLASER Visible Light UltravioletUltraviolet Ionizing Radiation {{ Longest LongestWavelength Wavelength Shortest ShortestWavelength Wavelength Lowest LowestFrequency Frequency Highest HighestFrequency Frequency

8. Wavelength and Frequency Wavelength = Distance Between Peak Of One Wave and Peak of the Next Wave

9. Wavelength and Frequency _________ = Number Of Wave Oscillations Or Vibrations Per Second –Usually expressed in ______________ All forms of electromagnetic radiation travel at a _____________, therefore the formula: –__________ = Wavelength X _____________ Longer wavelengths must have _______ frequencies Shorter wavelengths must have _______ frequencies _________ = Number Of Wave Oscillations Or Vibrations Per Second –Usually expressed in ______________ All forms of electromagnetic radiation travel at a _____________, therefore the formula: –__________ = Wavelength X _____________ Longer wavelengths must have _______ frequencies Shorter wavelengths must have _______ frequencies

10. Electromagnetic Radiations Share Similar Physical Characteristics Produced When Sufficient __________ Or _______ Forces Are Applied To Any Material Travel Readily Through Space At A Constant Velocity (______________) Direction Of Travel Is Always In A ______________ Produced When Sufficient __________ Or _______ Forces Are Applied To Any Material Travel Readily Through Space At A Constant Velocity (______________) Direction Of Travel Is Always In A ______________

11. Electromagnetic Radiations Share Similar Physical Characteristics When Contacting Biological Tissues May Be… –Reflected Bends back When Contacting Biological Tissues May Be… –Reflected Bends back

12. Electromagnetic Radiations Share Similar Physical Characteristics When Contacting Biological Tissues May Be… –Reflected –Transmitted Propagated to deeper tissue When Contacting Biological Tissues May Be… –Reflected –Transmitted Propagated to deeper tissue

13. Electromagnetic Radiations Share Similar Physical Characteristics When Contacting Biological Tissues May Be… –Reflected –Transmitted –Refracted Changes direction as propagated to deeper tissue When Contacting Biological Tissues May Be… –Reflected –Transmitted –Refracted Changes direction as propagated to deeper tissue

14. Electromagnetic Radiations Share Similar Physical Characteristics When Contacting Biological Tissues May Be… –Reflected –Transmitted –Refracted –Absorbed Stimulates tissue to perform its normal function When Contacting Biological Tissues May Be… –Reflected –Transmitted –Refracted –Absorbed Stimulates tissue to perform its normal function

15. Laws Governing The Effects of Electromagnetic Radiations _____________________________ –No Changes Or Reactions Can Occur In Tissues Unless The Amount Of Energy ________ Is Sufficient To Stimulate The ______________ Goal of therapeutic modalities is to __________ _________________________________ Too much energy absorbed by tissues may seriously impair ______________ and could cause ______________ _____________________________ –No Changes Or Reactions Can Occur In Tissues Unless The Amount Of Energy ________ Is Sufficient To Stimulate The ______________ Goal of therapeutic modalities is to __________ _________________________________ Too much energy absorbed by tissues may seriously impair ______________ and could cause ______________

16. Laws Governing The Effects of Electromagnetic Radiations ____________________________ –If The Energy Is Not Absorbed It Must Be ____________________________ –_________ Relationship Between Energy And Absorption The Greater The Amount Of Energy Absorbed, The ______ Transmitted To Deeper Tissues, Thus ______ Penetration ____________________________ –If The Energy Is Not Absorbed It Must Be ____________________________ –_________ Relationship Between Energy And Absorption The Greater The Amount Of Energy Absorbed, The ______ Transmitted To Deeper Tissues, Thus ______ Penetration

17. Laws Governing The Effects of Electromagnetic Radiations ______________________ –The _____________ The Angle Between The Propagating Radiation And The Right Angle, The ________ Radiation Energy Is Reflected Thereby Allowing Greater Absorption ______________________ Source

18. Laws Governing The Effects of Electromagnetic Radiations ___________________ –The Intensity Of The Radiation Striking A Surface Varies _________ With The Square Of The Distance From The Source ___________________

19. Electromagnetic Modalities The Majority of Therapeutic Modalities Used By Athletic Trainers Emit A Type Of Energy With Wavelengths And Frequencies That Can Be Classified As ______________________ Electromagnetic radiations with ____________ wavelengths have the ability to transmit energy through the superficial tissues, thus penetrating to the __________ tissues where the energy is absorbed The Majority of Therapeutic Modalities Used By Athletic Trainers Emit A Type Of Energy With Wavelengths And Frequencies That Can Be Classified As ______________________ Electromagnetic radiations with ____________ wavelengths have the ability to transmit energy through the superficial tissues, thus penetrating to the __________ tissues where the energy is absorbed

20. Electromagnetic Modalities Infrared Modalities –______________ Shortwave And Microwave Diathermy Electrical Stimulating Currents Low-Power Lasers Ultraviolet Radiation Therapy Magnet Therapy Infrared Modalities –______________ Shortwave And Microwave Diathermy Electrical Stimulating Currents Low-Power Lasers Ultraviolet Radiation Therapy Magnet Therapy

21. Infrared Modalities Cold = Cryotherapy Heat = Thermotherapy Cold = Cryotherapy Heat = Thermotherapy

22. What Should Cryotherapy Be Used For? To ________ Local Temperature To ________ Local Metabolism To ________ Blood Flow (Vasoconstriction) To ________ Venous And Lymphatic Flow To ________ Nerve Conduction Velocity To ________ Muscle Excitability Analgesia To ________ Local Temperature To ________ Local Metabolism To ________ Blood Flow (Vasoconstriction) To ________ Venous And Lymphatic Flow To ________ Nerve Conduction Velocity To ________ Muscle Excitability Analgesia

23. Cryotherapy Techniques Ice Bags or Ice Packs

24. Cryotherapy Techniques Ice Bags or Ice Packs Ice Massage Ice Bags or Ice Packs Ice Massage

25. Cryotherapy Techniques Ice Bags or Ice Packs Ice Massage Fluori-methane (Spray and Stretch) Ice Bags or Ice Packs Ice Massage Fluori-methane (Spray and Stretch)

26. Cryotherapy Techniques Ice Bags or Ice Packs Ice Massage Fluori-methane (Spray and Stretch) Contrast Bath Ice Bags or Ice Packs Ice Massage Fluori-methane (Spray and Stretch) Contrast Bath

27. What Should Thermotherapy Be Used For? To _______ Local Temperature To _______ Local Metabolism To _______ Blood Flow (Vasodilation) To _______ Venous And Lymphatic Drainage To _______ Elasticity of Muscles & Ligaments To _______ Nerve Conduction Velocity To _______ Muscle Excitability Analgesia To _______ Local Temperature To _______ Local Metabolism To _______ Blood Flow (Vasodilation) To _______ Venous And Lymphatic Drainage To _______ Elasticity of Muscles & Ligaments To _______ Nerve Conduction Velocity To _______ Muscle Excitability Analgesia

28. Thermotherapy Techniques Hydrocollator Packs

29. Thermotherapy Techniques Hydrocollator Packs Whirlpools Whirlpools

30. Thermotherapy Techniques Hydrocollator Packs Whirlpools Paraffin Baths Hydrocollator Packs Whirlpools Paraffin Baths

31. Thermotherapy Techniques Hydrocollator Packs Whirlpools Paraffin Baths Fluidotherapy Hydrocollator Packs Whirlpools Paraffin Baths Fluidotherapy

32. Shortwave And Microwave Diathermy

33. DiathermyDiathermy High Frequency Electromagnetic Energy Used Primarily To Generate ______ In The Tissues High Frequency Electromagnetic Energy Used Primarily To Generate ______ In The Tissues

34. Shortwave Diathermy May Be Either Continuous Or Pulsed Continuous SWD –Produces _____________________ ________ In Tissues Generating Heat –Results in deep heating Pulsed SWD –Causes _____________ In Damaged Cells Correcting Dysfunction May Be Either Continuous Or Pulsed Continuous SWD –Produces _____________________ ________ In Tissues Generating Heat –Results in deep heating Pulsed SWD –Causes _____________ In Damaged Cells Correcting Dysfunction

35. When Should Diathermy Be Used? If The Skin Or Some Underlying Soft Tissue Is Unable To Tolerate ________ When The Treatment Goal Is To Increase Tissue Temperatures In A __________ When the treatment area contains a thick layer of subcutaneous fat If The Skin Or Some Underlying Soft Tissue Is Unable To Tolerate ________ When The Treatment Goal Is To Increase Tissue Temperatures In A __________ When the treatment area contains a thick layer of subcutaneous fat

36. Electrical Stimulating Currents

37. All Can Be Classified As ________ ________ ________ ________ Electrical Muscle Stimulators (EMS) Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulators (TENS) Low Intensity Stimulators (LIS/MENS) All Can Be Classified As ________ ________ ________ ________ Electrical Muscle Stimulators (EMS) Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulators (TENS) Low Intensity Stimulators (LIS/MENS)

38. Electrical Stimulating Currents The Electrical Stimulating Currents That Affect Nerve And Muscle Tissue Have The ________ Wavelengths And The _______ Frequencies Of Any Of The Therapeutic Modalities Used Primarily For… –_______________

39. Low Power LASER Therapy

40. What Are Low-Power Lasers Used For? LASER = Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Produces No ________ ________ Used Primarily For… –Soft-tissue And Fracture Healing –Pain Management Not Approved By _____ For Therapeutic Use LASER = Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Produces No ________ ________ Used Primarily For… –Soft-tissue And Fracture Healing –Pain Management Not Approved By _____ For Therapeutic Use

41. Ultraviolet Light Therapy

42. What Can Ultraviolet Therapy Be Used For? Causes ________ ________ In Skin Resulting In A ________ Effect Effects Are Superficial (<2mm) Primarily Used To Treat A Variety Of Skin Lesions –Acne, Folliculitis,Tinea, Septic Wounds Seldom Used In Treatment Because Of The Availability Of Topical Agents Causes ________ ________ In Skin Resulting In A ________ Effect Effects Are Superficial (<2mm) Primarily Used To Treat A Variety Of Skin Lesions –Acne, Folliculitis,Tinea, Septic Wounds Seldom Used In Treatment Because Of The Availability Of Topical Agents

43. Magnet Therapy

44. Despite Popularity, No One Really Knows How They Work!! Generally Thought To Be Safe Despite Popularity, No One Really Knows How They Work!! Generally Thought To Be Safe

45. What Are Magnets Used For? Pain Modulation Facilitate Strength Physiological Effects Include… –_______________ Pain Modulation Facilitate Strength Physiological Effects Include… –_______________

46. Therapeutic Ultrasound Unlike The Other Therapeutic Modalities Discussed Thus Far, Ultrasound Is ________ Energy

47. Acoustic Energy Cannot Travel Through Space –Must Travel Through A ________ –More Dense Medium = Higher ________ Of Travel Relies On ________ ________ For Transmission Of Energy Depth Of Penetration ________ Than Any Form Of Electromagnetic Energy Cannot Travel Through Space –Must Travel Through A ________ –More Dense Medium = Higher ________ Of Travel Relies On ________ ________ For Transmission Of Energy Depth Of Penetration ________ Than Any Form Of Electromagnetic Energy

48. What Should Ultrasound Be Used For? ________ ________ –Particularly In Deeper Tissues ________ ________ –To Enhance Healing At Cellular Level ________ ________ –Particularly In Deeper Tissues ________ ________ –To Enhance Healing At Cellular Level

49. Mechanical Modalities Intermittent Compression Traction Massage Techniques

50. Intermittent Compression Mechanical Units That Create External Pressure Facilitates Venous And Lymphatic Reabsorbtion Of ________ Helps Decrease ____ & Increase ____ Mechanical Units That Create External Pressure Facilitates Venous And Lymphatic Reabsorbtion Of ________ Helps Decrease ____ & Increase ____

51. TractionTraction Used To Treat A Variety Of Cervical And Lumbar Spine Problems –Creates Separation Of Vertebrae –Alters Proprioception –Stretches ________ ________ –Stretches ________ –Improves Blood And Lymphatic Flow –________ Pressure On Disk Used To Treat A Variety Of Cervical And Lumbar Spine Problems –Creates Separation Of Vertebrae –Alters Proprioception –Stretches ________ ________ –Stretches ________ –Improves Blood And Lymphatic Flow –________ Pressure On Disk

52. Traction Techniques Manual Traction

53. Traction Techniques Manual Traction Traction Machines Manual Traction Traction Machines

54. Traction Techniques Manual Traction Traction Machines Wall-Mounted Traction Manual Traction Traction Machines Wall-Mounted Traction

55. Traction Techniques Manual Traction Traction Machines Wall-Mounted Traction Inversion Traction Manual Traction Traction Machines Wall-Mounted Traction Inversion Traction

56. Massage Techniques Many Massage Techniques –Hoffa Massage –Acupressure/Shiatsu –Connective Tissue –Myofascial Release –Rolfing –Trager Many Massage Techniques –Hoffa Massage –Acupressure/Shiatsu –Connective Tissue –Myofascial Release –Rolfing –Trager

57. What Should Massage Be Used For? Massage Has Effects On: –Circulation And Lymphatic Flow –________ ________ –Muscles –________ Massage Has Effects On: –Circulation And Lymphatic Flow –________ ________ –Muscles –________ –Skin –________ ________ –Psychological Responses –Relaxation –________ –Skin –________ ________ –Psychological Responses –Relaxation –________

58. Indications and Contraindications for Using Different Modalities Table 1.3 provides a summary list of indications and contraindications in using the various therapeutic modalities Memorize this table!!!