1. SOL USII.4
Urbanization
And
Industrialization

2. Westward Migration
New opportunities and technological advances led to westward expansion following the Civil War.

3. Reasons for Westward Expansion
Opportunities for land ownership
Technological advances, including the Transcontinental Railroad
Possibility of wealth created by the discovery of gold and silver
Adventure
A new beginning for former slaves

4. Reasons for Increased Immigration
Hope for better opportunity
Religious freedom
Escape from oppressive governments
Adventure

5. Development of Cities
Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced interaction and often conflict between different cultural groups.
Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced problems in urban areas.

6. Transportation Cable cars invented by Andrew Hallidie
Cable cars invented by Andrew Hallidie
Electric trolley railways invented by Frank Sprague and used in Richmond, Virginia
Invention of the gas powered automobile in 1893

7. Communications The development of the telegraph by Samuel Morse
The development of the telegraph by Samuel Morse
Lighting and mechanical uses of electricity by Thomas Edison

8. Communications Telephone service developed by Alexander Graham Bell
Typewriter and adding machine

9. Reasons Why Cities Developed
Specialized industries including steel (Pittsburgh), meat packing (Chicago)
Boston (textiles), New York City (clothing), Cleveland (steel), Philadelphia (shipbuilding)
Immigration from other countries
Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities

10. Challenges Faced by Cities
Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements
Tenements and ghettos
Political corruption (political machines)

11. Inventions
Inventions had both positive and negative effects on society.
Inventions contributed to great change and industrial growth.

12. Manufacturing and Processing
Bessemer process of mass producing steel

13. Manufacturing and Processing
Production of steel by Andrew Carnegie

14. Manufacturing and Processing
The division of labor that resulted from Eli Whitney’s development of interchangeable parts

15. Manufacturing and Processing
Oil refining by Samuel Kier in Pennsylvania

16. Architecture
Suspension bridges and skyscrapers

17. Efforts to Solve Immigration Problems
Settlement houses, such as Hull House, founded by Jane Addams
Political machines that gained power by attending to the needs of new immigrants (i.e., jobs, housing)

18. Interaction & Conflict Between Different Cultural Groups
Indian policies and wars
Reservations (public land set aside by the government to be used for a certain group of people)

19. Interaction & Conflict Between Different Cultural Groups
Battle of Little Bighorn

20. Interaction & Conflict Between Different Cultural Groups
Chief Joseph
When Chief Joseph surrendered, he declared “Hear me my chiefs! I am tired! My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever!”

21. Interaction & Conflict Between Different Cultural Groups
Discrimination against immigrants (Chinese and Irish)
Nativists were American citizens who believed immigrants were inferior

22. Discrimination
Discrimination against African Americans continued after Reconstruction.
“Jim Crow” laws institutionalized a system of legal segregation.
Other groups experienced discrimination. Groups such as the American Protective Association was made up of Nativists who did not trust immigrants as well as other American citizens.

23. Racial Segregation Based on race
Directed primarily against African Americans, but other groups were also kept segregated
“Jim Crow” laws were passed to discriminate against African Americans

24. “Jim Crow” Laws
Made discrimination practices legal in many communities and states
Were characterized by unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government

25. African Americans differed in their responses to discrimination and “Jim Crow.”

26. How did African Americans Respond?
Booker T. Washington
Believed equality could be achieved through vocational education; accepted social separation
Atlanta Compromise: 1895, Booker T. Washington gave a speech in which he stated that African Americans should accept the “separate but equal” doctrine and learn trades to improve their lives.

27. How did African Americans Respond?
W.E.B. Du Bois
Believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans. He believed those rights should be given to African Americans immediately.
Niagara Movement: in 1905, Du Bois and others demanded an end to racial segregation.

28. Move to Industry
Between the Civil War and World War I, the United States was transformed from an agricultural to an industrial nation.

29. Reasons for Rise and Prosperity of Big Business
National markets created by transportation advances
Captains of industry (John D. Rockefeller, oil; Andrew Carnegie, steel, Henry Ford, automobile)
Advertising
Lower-cost production

30. Factors Resulting in the Growth of Industry
Access to raw materials and energy
Availability of work force
Inventions
Financial resources

31. Examples of Big Business
Railroads
Steel
Oil

32. Examples of Big Business

33. Postwar Changes in Farm and City Life
Mechanization (i.e., the reaper) had reduced farm labor needs and increased production
Industrial development in cities created increased labor needs
Industrialization provided access to consumer goods (i.e., mail order)

34. Progressive Movement
The effects of industrialization led to the rise of organized labor and important workplace reforms.

35. Progressive Movement Workplace Reforms
Improved safety conditions
Reduced work hours
Placed restrictions on child labor

36. Negative Effects of Industrialization
Child labor
Low wages, long hours
Unsafe working conditions

37. Rise of Organized Labor
Formation of union: American Federation of Labor
Strikes: Homestead Strike
Legislation was passed and reforms became a reality that eliminated child labor, unsafe working conditions, excessive hours of work, and created worker management arbitration (discussing problems and reaching an agreement)

38. Women’s Suffrage Increased educational opportunities
Attained voting rights: Women gained the right to vote with the passage of the 19th Amendment; Susan B. Anthony worked for women’s suffrage.

39. Temperance Movement
Composed of groups opposed to the making and consumption of alcohol. The rationale was that liquor caused poverty and social disorder.
Supported the 18th Amendment which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol.