1. 10th American History Unit V- A Nation Facing Challenges
Chapter 17 – Section 2
Kennedy’s Thousand Days

2. Kennedy’s Thousand Days
The Main Idea
John F. Kennedy brought energy, initiative, and important new ideas to the presidency.
Reading Focus
What was Kennedy’s New Frontier?
In what ways did the Warren Court change society in the early 1960s?
What impact did Kennedy’s assassination have on the nation and the world?

3. Kennedy Background
Born in Mass
War hero WWII- Jackie
Debated Nixon in 1960 and won as Democratic/ Roman Catholic candidate
Assassinated Nov in Dallas by Lee Harvey Oswald
Important more for what he could have done that what he did

4. Lifestyles (01:54)

5. Forging the New Frontier (02:13)

6. Kennedy’s New Frontier
Americans were struck by the youth and vitality of the Kennedy White House.
Kennedy’s public image was often different than reality.
Kennedy’s narrow victory in 1960 left him without the clear mandate he needed to work well with Congress.
The New Frontier came to be symbolized by the exploration of space.

7. Kennedy’s New Frontier
Image / Reality
Images of Kennedy showed a young, vital president / He suffered from Addison’s disease and a bad back.
Kennedy encouraged the press to photograph and write about his children/ Jacqueline Kennedy tried to protect their privacy.
Congress
Most in the early 1960s were not reform minded, which was reflected in Congress.
Kennedy’s narrow victory left him without a clear mandate to rule. Congress didn’t approve many New Frontier proposals.
Sometimes Kennedy was able to bypass Congress and solve problems.
Space Program
Khrushchev claimed the Soviet lead in space showed the superiority of communism.
In May 1961 Kennedy vowed that the United States would land a man on the moon.
The space race became a part of the Cold War—a part that the United States would win.

8. Space Race Speech - Sept. 12th, 1962 at Rice University – 2:30

9. May 25, 1961- Speech to Joint Session of Congress
“… I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.
No single space project...will be more exciting, or more impressive to mankind, or more important...and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish...".

10. Movie Clips: Humans in Space – 2:00

11. April 12, 1961 (03:01)

12. The Early Years of Manned Space Flight
Firsts- mostly Soviet
(Sputnik, Yuri Gagarin)
American- Explorer I, Mercury-
Shepard, Carpenter, Glenn, Ed White.
Gemini- 14 days in a Volkswagen
sized compartment
These flights had to practice the different actions necessary
for a lunar landing

13. Setbacks and Blowups How could Ivan beat Johnny? Project Vanguard
Grapefruit sized IGY satellite
Sputnik quickened timetable
Ended with a “bang” and a blinking IGY in the weeds
Mercury-Atlas 1 also blows up 58 seconds into the flight

14. All well and good, but how do we get there?
Direct Ascent- one craft, one landing craft, bigger rocket
Earth Orbit Rendezvous- Many pieces put together in Earth orbit
Lunar Orbit Rendezvous- All sent up together and put together in lunar orbit

15. Movie Clips: Sputnik, Mercury,Gemini and Apollo- 3:05

16. Movie Clips: Gemini Program – 2:25

17. Apollo 1
Ed White, Gil Grissom, and Roger Chaffee killed in flash fire training on land for their mission
Space Race delayed for 20 months in response

18. Products from Space To the moon cost 25- 35 billion, was it worth it?
Scratch-resistant Lenses
Freeze-Dried Food
Athletic Shoes
CAT & MRI Technologies
Cordless Power Tools
Interest In Space
Suits for Race Car Drivers
Tang
Enriched baby food
Water purification
Pool purification
Ribbed swimsuits
Golf ball dynamics
Sports training
Athletic shoes
Dust buster
shock-absorbing helmets
home security systems
smoke detectors
flat panel televisions
high-density batteries
cool sportswear
hair styling appliances
fogless ski goggles
self-adjusting sunglasses
composite golf clubs
hang gliders
art preservation
quartz crystal timing equipment.
Solar energy and photovoltaic cells.
Fire resistant materials.
Computers and Semi-Conductors
Weather Forecasting Aids.
Virtual reality
Cool Suits
Programmable Pace Maker
Micro lasers
Magnetic Liquids
Emergency Rescue Cutters.
trash compactors
food packaging and freeze-dried technology

19. Kennedy’s New Frontier
What was Kennedy’s New Frontier?
Recall – Why was Jaqueline Kennedy so popular?
Analyze – Why did Kennedy’s domestic plans lack congressional support?
Elaborate – Why do some people believe that Kennedy used the media more effectively than other presidents?

20. Kennedy’s New Frontier
Explain – How did President Kennedy deal with steel companies who refused to roll back steep price increases?
Summarize – How did the Space Race become part of the Cold War?
Rate – Do you think President Kennedy’s domestic goal was to make poor people richer, rich people poorer, or make all Americans richer?

21. The Supreme Court in the Early 1960s
During the Kennedy presidency, Supreme Court decisions made major changes in American society.
Under the leadership of Chief Justice Earl Warren, Court rulings extended individual rights and freedoms.
Voting-rights reform
The rights of the accused
Religious freedom

22. Chief Justice Earl Warren
Many historians regard Earl Warren as one of the most important chief justices.
Warren did not have a positive record on civil rights when President Eisenhower appointed him chief justice in 1953.
Called for the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.
Fought against an effort to make California’s state Assembly more representative of the people.
However, as chief justice, Warren led the Court to one of the most significant civil rights advances in U.S. history.
Brown v. Board of Education banned racial segregation in the nation’s schools.

23. Brown vs. the Board of Education (01:29)

24. The Warren Court
Prior to legislation in the 1960s, states did not redraw the boundaries of legislative districts to reflect population changes.
Baker v. Carr (1962), Westberry v. Sanders (1964), and Reynolds v. Sims (1964) changed this practice to make each citizen’s vote more equal.
Voting-rights
Reform
Mapp v. Ohio (1961), Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), Escobedo v. Illinois (1964), and Miranda v. Arizona (1966) extended the Bill of Rights to the actions of state governments.
Rights
of the
Accused
In Engel v. Vitale (1962) and other cases, the Warren Court defined the religion guarantees of the First Amendment.
Religious
Freedom

25. Miranda vs. Arizona (01:30)

26. Individual Rights and Supreme Court Cases
Mapp v. Ohio – (1961)
Facts of the Case
Dolree Mapp was convicted of possessing obscene materials after an admittedly illegal police search of her home for a fugitive. She appealed her conviction on the basis of freedom of expression.
Question- Were the confiscated materials protected by the First Amendment?
Conclusion- Evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution is, by [the Fourth Amendment], inadmissible in a state court." (the exclusionary rule.)

27. Individual Rights and Supreme Court Cases
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Facts of the Case
Gideon was charged in a Florida state court with a felony for breaking and entering. He lacked funds and was unable to hire a lawyer to prepare his defense. When he requested the court to appoint an attorney for him, the court refused, stating that it was only obligated to appoint counsel to indigent defendants in capital cases. Gideon defended himself in the trial; he was convicted by a jury and the court sentenced him to five years in a state prison.
Question:
Did the state court's failure to appoint counsel for Gideon violate his right to a fair trial and due process of law?
Conclusion:
In a unanimous opinion, the Court held that Gideon had a right to be represented by a court-appointed attorney. In this case the Court found that the Sixth Amendment's guarantee of counsel was a fundamental right, essential to a fair trial, which should be made applicable to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice Black called it an "obvious truth" that a fair trial for a poor defendant could not be guaranteed without the assistance of counsel. Those familiar with the American system of justice, commented Black, recognized that "lawyers in criminal courts are necessities, not luxuries."

28. Individual Rights and Supreme Court Cases
Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)
Facts of the Case
Danny Escobedo was arrested and taken to a police station for questioning. Over several hours, the police refused his repeated requests to see his lawyer. Escobedo's lawyer sought unsuccessfully to consult with his client. Escobedo subsequently confessed to murder.
Question
Was Escobedo denied the right to counsel as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment?
Conclusion
Yes. Justice Goldberg, in his majority opinion, spoke for the first time of "an absolute right to remain silent." Escobedo had not been adequately informed of his consitutitonal right to remain silent rather than to be forced to incriminate himself.

29. Individual Rights and Supreme Court Cases
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Facts of the Case
In 1963, Ernesto Miranda (born in Mesa, Arizona in 1941, and living in Phoenix, Arizona) was arrested for robbery, kidnapping and rape. He was interrogated by police and confessed. At trial, prosecutors offered only his confession as evidence. Miranda was convicted of rape and kidnapping and sentenced to 20 to 30 years imprisonment on each charge, the sentences to run concurrently.
Question
Does the police practice of interrogating individuals without notifying them of their right to counsel and their protection against self-incrimination violate the Fifth Amendment?
Conclusion
The Court held that prosecutors could not use statements stemming from custodial interrogation of defendants unless they demonstrated the use of procedural safeguards "effective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination." The Court specifically outlined the necessary aspects of police warnings to suspects, including warnings of the right to remain silent and the right to have counsel present during interrogations.

30. The Warren Court
In what ways did the Warren Court change society in the early 1960’s?
Recall – What was the outcome of Brown v. Board of Education?
Recall – In Escobedo v. Illinois what legal right was granted to the individual?
Elaborate – Why do you think that several Supreme Court decisions focused on voter rights?

31. The Warren Court
Recall – How did the Warren Court define the religious guarantees of the First Amendment?
Describe – Why was Gideon v. Wainwright a landmark case?

32. Kennedy’s Assassination
On November 22, 1963, President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas.
Vice President Johnson was sworn in within hours.
Kennedy’s death shocked the nation and the world.
Within hours, police arrested Lee Harvey Oswald. While being transferred to the county jail, Oswald was shot to death by Jack Ruby.

33. November 22, 1963 (03:20)

34. Assassination of a President
Dallas, Texas - Nov. 22, 1963
Dealey Plaza
Lee Harvey Oswald
Jack Ruby
Warren Commission
Conspiracy Theories
Appraisal of the Kennedy years.

35. Zapruder Film

36. Mystery of JFK’s Assassination

37. The Warren Commission
The strange circumstances surrounding President Kennedy’s death caused people to wonder whether Oswald had acted alone in killing the president.
President Johnson appointed the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination.
They determined that there was no conspiracy and that Oswald and Ruby had each acted alone.
Additional government investigations and many private ones have never found credible evidence of a conspiracy.

38. The Warren Commission

39. The Kennedy Legacy
Some felt the drama of the Kennedy presidency was more evident than its achievements.
However, in foreign affairs, relations with the Soviet Union had improved.
The Peace Corp produced goodwill toward the United States.
Foreign
Relations
Kennedy did not have much success with domestic issues.
He acknowledged that the nation’s social, economic, and environmental problems would take many years to solve.
Domestic
Achievements

40. The Kennedy Assassination
What impact did Kennedy’s assassination have on the nation and the world?
Recall – Who shot President Kennedy?
Drawing Conclusion – Did the Warren Commission resolve the questions surrounding the Kennedy assassination?
Making Inferences – Why might some people believe that Kennedy’s assassination was the result of a conspiracy?