1. Stephen E. Lucas C H A P T E R McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Speaking to Persuade 15

2. Slide 2 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Persuasion The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

3. Slide 3 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Ethics and Persuasion Make sure your goals are ethically sound Use ethical methods to communicate your ideas Make sure your goals are ethically sound Use ethical methods to communicate your ideas

4. Slide 4 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Degrees of Persuasion Persuasion involves any movement by a listener from left to right Strongly Opposed Moderately Opposed Slightly Opposed NeutralSlightly in Favor Moderately in Favor Strongly in Favor

5. Slide 5 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Mental Dialogue with the Audience The mental give and take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

6. Slide 6 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Target Audience The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

7. Slide 7 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Types of Persuasive Speeches Speeches on questions of fact Speeches on questions of value Speeches on questions of policy Speeches on questions of fact Speeches on questions of value Speeches on questions of policy

8. Slide 8 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Question of Fact A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

9. Slide 9 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Persuasive Speech on a Question of Fact Specific Purpose:To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit California in the next ten years. Main Points: I. California is long overdue for a major earthquake. II. Many geological signs indicate that a major earthquake may happen soon. III. Experts agree that a major earthquake could hit California any day. Specific Purpose:To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit California in the next ten years. Main Points: I. California is long overdue for a major earthquake. II. Many geological signs indicate that a major earthquake may happen soon. III. Experts agree that a major earthquake could hit California any day.

10. Slide 10 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Question of Value A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

11. Slide 11 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Persuasive Speech on a Question of Value Specific Purpose:To persuade my audience that capital punishment is morally and legally wrong. Main Points: I. Capital punishment violates the biblical commandment “Thou shalt not kill.” II. Capital punishment violates the constitutional ban on “cruel and unusual punishment.” Specific Purpose:To persuade my audience that capital punishment is morally and legally wrong. Main Points: I. Capital punishment violates the biblical commandment “Thou shalt not kill.” II. Capital punishment violates the constitutional ban on “cruel and unusual punishment.”

12. Slide 12 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Question of Policy A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

13. Slide 13 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Persuasive Speech on a Question of Policy Specific Purpose:To persuade my audience that our state should require mandatory recertification of lawyers every ten years. Main Points: I. Many citizens are victimized every year by incompetent lawyers. II. A bill requiring lawyers to stand for recertification every ten years will do much to help solve the problem. Specific Purpose:To persuade my audience that our state should require mandatory recertification of lawyers every ten years. Main Points: I. Many citizens are victimized every year by incompetent lawyers. II. A bill requiring lawyers to stand for recertification every ten years will do much to help solve the problem.

14. Slide 14 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Fact, Value, or Policy? To persuade my audience that poaching is threatening the survival of animal species throughout the world. To persuade my audience that strong international action should be taken to solve the problem of poaching. To persuade my audience that poaching is threatening the survival of animal species throughout the world. To persuade my audience that strong international action should be taken to solve the problem of poaching.

15. Slide 15 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Fact, Value, or Policy? A federal law should be passed requiring that trunk release systems be standard on all new cars sold in the United States. If trunk release systems were standard equipment on all cars sold in the United States, we could save a number of children’s lives each year. A federal law should be passed requiring that trunk release systems be standard on all new cars sold in the United States. If trunk release systems were standard equipment on all cars sold in the United States, we could save a number of children’s lives each year.

16. Slide 16 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Types of Speeches on Questions of Policy Speeches to gain passive agreement Speeches to gain immediate action Speeches to gain passive agreement Speeches to gain immediate action

17. Slide 17 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Speech to Gain Passive Agreement The speaker’s goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

18. Slide 18 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Specific Purposes for Speeches to Gain Passive Agreement To persuade my audience that there should be stricter safety standard on amusement-park rides. To persuade my audience that school districts should not allow soft-drink companies to stock their products in school vending machines. To persuade my audience that there should be stricter safety standard on amusement-park rides. To persuade my audience that school districts should not allow soft-drink companies to stock their products in school vending machines.

19. Slide 19 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Speech to Gain Immediate Action The speaker’s goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

20. Slide 20 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Specific Purposes for Speeches to Gain Immediate Action To persuade my audience to donate time to become literacy tutors. To persuade my audience to vote in the next presidential election. To persuade my audience to donate time to become literacy tutors. To persuade my audience to vote in the next presidential election.

21. Slide 21 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Basic Issues of Policy Speeches Need Plan Practicality Need Plan Practicality

22. Slide 22 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Need Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

23. Slide 23 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Demonstrating Need

24. Slide 24 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Demonstrating Need

25. Slide 25 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Plan If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

26. Slide 26 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Practicality Will the speaker’s plan solve the problem? Will the speaker’s plan create new and more serious problems? Will the speaker’s plan solve the problem? Will the speaker’s plan create new and more serious problems?

27. Slide 27 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Demonstrating Practicality

28. Slide 28 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Organizing Speeches (and Essays) on Questions of Policy Introduction NEED: Description of the problem (do not let this section/paragraph take over your essay; include past solutions if applicable) PLAN: Description: The details of the proposal (the meat of the sandwich; can cover several paragraphs; describes how the proposal will work) Justification: Benefits of the proposal (you may have covered some of this in the above section, but here's where you stop and lay out why this proposal will help solve the problem) Competing Solutions (other ideas besides yours that yours is superior to, if applicable) PRACTICALITY: Costs of the proposal (not just in money, but in effort, downsides, etc.; this is the counter-argument section) Conclusion Introduction NEED: Description of the problem (do not let this section/paragraph take over your essay; include past solutions if applicable) PLAN: Description: The details of the proposal (the meat of the sandwich; can cover several paragraphs; describes how the proposal will work) Justification: Benefits of the proposal (you may have covered some of this in the above section, but here's where you stop and lay out why this proposal will help solve the problem) Competing Solutions (other ideas besides yours that yours is superior to, if applicable) PRACTICALITY: Costs of the proposal (not just in money, but in effort, downsides, etc.; this is the counter-argument section) Conclusion

29. Slide 29 McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.