Only label the lines on pictures!!

****Only label the lines on pictures!!****
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 14 The Digestive System and Body Metabolism ****Only label the lines on pictures!!**** Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Digestive System and Body Metabolism
_________________ _________________of ingested food Absorption Passage of ____________ into the blood Production of ___________ energy (ATP) Slide 14.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organs of the Digestive System
______ main groups ___________________ canal – continuous ________ hollow tube ______________ digestive organs Slide 14.2a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organs of the Digestive System
Slide 14.2b

Organs of the Alimentary Canal
Mouth ____________ Esophagus Stomach ________ intestine Large ___________ ________ Slide 14.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy
Lips (_____) – protect the anterior ________ Cheeks – form the __________ walls _____ palate – forms the anterior roof Soft palate – forms the ___________roof Uvula – fleshy ____________ of the soft palate Figure 14.2a Slide 14.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Vestibule – space between ______ and ______ ______cavity – area contained by the teeth _______ – attached at hyoid and styloid processes of the skull, and by the lingual __________ Figure 14.2a Slide 14.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Processes of the Mouth ______________ (chewing) of food
Mixing masticated food with _______ Initiation of ___________ by the tongue Allowing for the sense of ________ Slide 14.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pharynx Anatomy Nasopharynx – not part of the ___________system
____pharynx – posterior to oral cavity Laryngopharynx – _____the oropharynx and connected to the ______________ Figure 14.2a Slide 14.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pharynx Function Passageway for ______and _______
Food is ___________ to the esophagus by ____ muscle layers Longitudinal ________ layer Circular ________ layer Food movement is by ______________ contractions of the muscle layers (_____________) Slide 14.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Esophagus Runs from ___________ to _________ through the diaphragm
Conducts food by ______________ (slow __________ squeezing) Passageway for _______ only Slide 14.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs
___________ Innermost layer Moist __________ Surface epithelium _______amount of ____________tissue (lamina propria) Small ________ muscle layer Slide 14.11a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Muscularis ________– smooth _______ _______ circular layer _______ longitudinal layer ___________ Outermost layer – __________ peritoneum Layer of ________ fluid-producing _______ Slide 14.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stomach Anatomy _____ side of the ____________ cavity
Food ______ at the _____esophageal sphincter Slide 14.15a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stomach Anatomy Regions of the ___________
__________ region – near the heart Fundus __________ Pylorus – funnel-shaped ___________ end Food _______ into the ______ intestine at the pyloric sphincter Slide 14.15b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stomach Anatomy _________ – internal ______ of the mucosa
External ________ _________ curvature Slide 14.16a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stomach Anatomy Slide 14.17 Figure 14.4a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stomach Functions ________ tank for _______
Site of _____ breakdown (__________) _________ breakdown of protein begins Delivers ______ (processed food) to the small intestine Slide 14.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Small Intestine Body’s ________ digestive organ
Site of nutrient absorption into the ______ ___________ tube Suspended from the _________ abdominal ______ by the mesentery Slide 14.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Subdivisions of the Small Intestine “Dogs Just Itch!”
_____________ Attached to the ___________ _______ around the head of the ________ Jejunum _________ to duodenum _________ Extends from jejunum to _______ intestine Slide 14.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine
Source of ________ that are ______ with chyme Intestinal _______ ___________ Bile enters from the ____ __________ Slide 14.23a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine
Figure 14.6 Slide 14.23b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

_______ of the Small Intestine
_______________ structures formed by the _________ ___________ surface area Slide 14.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Microvilli of the Small Intestine
Small ___________ of the plasma membrane ________ on absorptive _______ Figure 14.7c Slide 14.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structures Involved in Absorption of Nutrients
____________ cells Blood ____________ Lacteals (specialized _________ capillaries) Figure 14.7b Slide 14.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Absorption in the Small Intestine
_______ is ___________ along the length of the small intestine _____ products of digestion Most ____________ are absorbed by active transport through _____ membranes ________ are absorbed by diffusion Substances are __________ to the liver by the _________ portal vein or lymph Slide 14.59 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Propulsion in the Small Intestine
______________ is the ________ means of moving food ____________ movements Mix chyme with _________ juices ______ in ____________ food Slide 14.60 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Large Intestine Slide 14.28

Functions of the Large Intestine
______________ of water Eliminates indigestible _______ from the _______ as feces Does not ________ in digestion of food _______ cells produce ________ to act as a lubricant Slide 14.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structures of the Large Intestine
Cecum – saclike ______ part of the ________ intestine ____________ Accumulation of _________ tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (____________) Hangs from the __________ Slide 14.30a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Structures of the Large Intestine
________ Ascending ______________ Descending S-shaped ___________ Rectum _________ – external body ___________ Slide 14.30b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Food Breakdown and Absorption in the Large Intestine
No ___________ enzymes are produced Resident bacteria _______ remaining nutrients Produce some vitamin ___ and B __________ gases Water & vitamins K and B are _________ Remaining __________ are eliminated via ________ Slide 14.61 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Propulsion in the Large Intestine
____________ peristalsis Mass movements Slow, ___________ movements Occur ______ to _____ times per day Presence of feces in the ______ causes a defecation reflex _________ anal sphincter is __________ Defecation occurs with relaxation of the ___________(external) ______ sphincter Slide 14.62 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Accessory Digestive Organs
_________ glands ________ Pancreas Liver Gall __________ Slide 14.32 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Salivary Glands Saliva-producing glands
________ glands – located anterior to ears Submandibular _________ _______________ glands Slide 14.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Saliva Mixture of _______ and ________ fluids
______ to form a food bolus Contains salivary amylase to ______ starch ___________ Dissolves __________ so they can be _________ Slide 14.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Teeth The role is to ___________ (chew) food
________ have two sets of ________ Deciduous (_______or ______) teeth _____ teeth are fully ________ by age two Slide 14.35a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Teeth ___________ teeth
Replace deciduous _______ beginning between the ages of ____ to _____ A _____ set is ____ teeth, but ______ people do not have wisdom teeth Slide 14.35b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Teeth
__________ ___________ Premolars Molars Slide 14.36a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Teeth
Figure 14.9 Slide 14.36b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Regions of a Tooth ________ – exposed part ________ _______
Region in ______ with the gum Connects crown to root _______ Attached to the ______ ______ canal carrying blood vessels and ______ Figure 14.10 Slide 14.37a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pancreas Produces a ______ spectrum of digestive ________ that break down all categories of food Enzymes are _________ into the duodenum ________ fluid introduced with enzymes neutralizes _______ chyme Endocrine products of ____________ ________ Glucagons Slide 14.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Liver Largest _________ in the body
_______ side of the body under the diaphragm ____ lobes __________ from the diaphragm Connected to the _____ bladder via the ________ hepatic duct Slide 14.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bile Produced by ______ in the liver _________________ Bile salts
Bile __________(mostly __________ from the breakdown of hemoglobin) Cholesterol _______________ Electrolytes Slide 14.40 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Role of the Liver in Metabolism
Several _______ in digestion _____________ drugs and alcohol Degrades hormones Produce ___________, blood proteins (albumin and clotting proteins) Plays a _______ role in ___________ Slide 14.77 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gall Bladder _____ found in ________ fossa of liver
Stores ______ from the liver by way of the _______ duct Bile is introduced into the ___________ in the ____________ of fatty food ____________ can cause blockages Slide 14.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Processes of the Digestive System
_________– getting food into the mouth Propulsion – moving _______ from one region of the digestive system to _________ Slide 14.42a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Peristalsis – alternating ________ of contraction Segmentation – moving materials _____ and ______ to aid in mixing Figure 14.12 Slide 14.42b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

__________ digestion Mixing of food in the ______ by the tongue ___________ of food in the stomach Segmentation in the _______ intestine Slide 14.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

__________Digestion Enzymes break down food molecules into their __________ blocks Each major _______ group uses __________ enzymes Carbohydrates - _________ sugars _________- amino acids Fats - fatty acids and _____________ Slide 14.44 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

______________ End products of digestion are __________ in the ________ or lymph Food must enter ___________ cells and then into blood or lymph capillaries Defecation ___________ of indigestible ___________ as feces Slide 14.45 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Control of Digestive Activity
Mostly ___________ by reflexes via the parasympathetic division __________ and __________ receptors are located in organ walls that trigger ____________ Slide 14.47a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Control of Digestive Activity
_________ include: Stretch of the ________ _____ of the contents Presence of ____________ products Reflexes include: ____________ or inhibition of glandular secretions Smooth muscle activity Slide 14.47b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nutrition _________ – substance used by the body for growth, maintenance, and ________ Categories of nutrients Carbohydrates: _______ sugars, starches, fiber Lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids, _____ acids _________: amino acids Vitamins __________ Slide 14.63 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Body Energy Balance Energy intake = total energy _________ (heat + ______ + energy storage) ________ intake is liberated during food oxidation Energy output ______ is usually about _____% Storage energy is in the form of _____ or ___________ Slide 14.83 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chapter 15 The Urinary System
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 15 The Urinary System Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functions of the Urinary System
_______________ of _______ products ___________________ Slide 15.1a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functions of the Urinary System
________ aspects of ______________ Water balance ________________ Acid-base balance in the _________ Blood ____________ _____ blood cell production Activation of vitamin ___ Slide 15.1b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organs of the Urinary system
Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Figure 15.1a Slide 15.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Location of the Kidneys
Against the ________ body wall At the ________ of T12 to L3 ________ kidney is slightly lower _________ to ureters, _______ blood vessels, and nerves at renal hilus Atop each kidney is an ________ gland Slide 15.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Coverings of the Kidneys
________ capsule Surrounds each __________ _________ capsule __________ the kidney Provides _____________ to the kidney _______ keep the kidney in its correct location Slide 15.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Regions of the Kidney Renal _______– outer region
Renal ________– inside the cortex Renal ________– ______ collecting tube Figure 15.2b Slide 15.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Kidney Structures ________ pyramids – triangular regions in the medulla ______ columns – extensions of cortex-like material _______ Calyces – cup-shaped structures; funnel ______ towards renal pelvis Slide 15.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Blood Flow in the Kidneys
Figure 15.2c Slide 15.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nephrons The __________ and __________ units of the kidneys
Responsible for forming _______ _______ structures of the nephrons Glomerulus Renal __________ Slide 15.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Glomerulus A specialized __________ bed
Attached to arterioles on ______ sides (maintains _____ pressure) Sits within a _________ Figure 15.3c Slide 15.9a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Renal Tubule _____________ (Bowman’s) capsule
________ convoluted tubule ______ of Henle Slide 15.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 15.3b

Types of Nephrons ________ nephrons
Located __________ in the _________ Includes _______ nephrons Figure 15.3a Slide 15.11a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Peritubular Capillaries
Arise from ________ arteriole of the glomerulus Normal, _____ pressure capillaries Attached to a ____________ Cling _______ to the renal tubule Reabsorb (_______) some substances from collecting tubes Slide 15.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Filtration Nonselective _________ process
_______ and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through ________ walls _______ cells cannot _____ out to the capillaries Filtrate is ___________ in the glomerular capsule and leaves via the ______ tubule Slide 15.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Reabsorption The peritubular __________ reabsorb several materials
Some water ____________ Amino acids _______ Some reabsorption is ________ , most is active Most reabsorption occurs in the __________ convoluted tubule Slide 15.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Secretion – Reabsorption in Reverse
Some materials _______ from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules _________ and potassium _____ Creatinine Materials _____ in the renal _________ move toward the _______ Slide 15.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Characteristics of Urine Used for Medical Diagnosis
Colored somewhat ________ due to the _______ urochrome (from the destruction of hemoglobin) & ________ Sterile Slightly __________ ________ pH of around 6 (varies 4.5-8) Slide 15.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Ureters ________ tubes attaching the _______ to the bladder
Continuous with the renal ________ Enter the _________ aspect of the bladder Runs behind the _____________ ___________ aids gravity in urine transport Slide 15.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Urinary Bladder Smooth, ____________, muscular sac
Temporarily _______ urine Slide 15.21a

Urinary Bladder Wall Three layers of _______ muscle (detrusor muscle)
Mucosa made of __________epithelium Walls are ______and folded in an empty bladder Bladder can _______ significantly without increasing internal __________ Slide 15.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Urethra Thin-walled tube that _______ urine from the ________ to the outside of the body by peristalsis Release of _______is controlled by two sphincters ________urethral sphincter (___________) ________urethral sphincter (__________) Slide 15.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Urethra Gender Differences
________ Females – ________ ( ___ inch) Males – _______ ( ___ inches) __________ Females – along wall of the vagina Males – through the prostate and penis Slide 15.24a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Urethra Gender Differences
__________ Females – _______ carries urine Males – carries urine and is a passageway for ______ _______ Slide 15.24b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

____________ (Voiding)
_____sphincter muscles must ______to allow voiding (___________the bladder) Internal urethral sphincter relaxes due to ___________bladder Activation required by _______impulse __________urethral sphincter must be voluntarily relaxed Slide 15.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Maintaining Water Balance
________amount of water in the human body Young adult _________– 50% Young adult _________– 60% Babies – 75% Old age – 45% _______is necessary for many body functions and ______must be maintained Slide 15.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Distribution of Body Fluid
__________fluid (inside cells) __________fluid (outside cells) Interstitial fluid Blood ________ Figure 15.7 Slide 15.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Link Between Water and Salt
Changes in __________balance causes ______to move from one compartment to another Alters blood _______and blood _________ Can _______the activity of cells Slide 15.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Water _______must equal water output Sources for water ________ Ingested ______and fluids ______produced from metabolic processes Sources for water ______ ____________out of the lungs ______in perspiration Leaves the body in the _______ Urine ____________ Slide 15.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

_______urine is produced if water intake is ___________ ______urine (concentrated) is produced if large amounts of ______are lost _______concentrations of various electrolytes must be ________ Slide 15.30 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Reabsorption
__________is primarily by hormones Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevents excessive _______loss in urine Aldosterone regulates _______ion content of extracellular fluid _____ in the ________ and hypothalamus are active monitors Slide 15.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Maintaining Water/Electrolyte Balance

Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in Blood
______ pH must remain between 7.35 and 7.45 to maintain ____________ ___________– pH above 7.45 ___________– pH below 7.35 Most ions originate as __________of ________ metabolism Slide 15.33a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Maintaining Acid-Base Balance in Blood
Most acid-base balance is _________ by the kidneys Other acid-base ___________ systems Blood _______ _____________ Slide 15.33b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Blood Buffers Molecules react to _________ dramatic changes in hydrogen ion (H+) concentrations Bind to H+ when pH _______ ________ H+ when pH rises ______ major chemical buffer systems Bicarbonate buffer system Phosphate buffer system ________ buffer system Slide 15.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System
Functional kidneys are developed by the ______ month Urinary system of a __________ _______ is small Urine cannot be ______________ Slide 15.38a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System
Control of the __________ urethral sphincter does not start until age ___ months Urinary infections are the only ________ problems before old age Slide 15.38b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Aging and the Urinary System
There is a progressive ________in urinary function The bladder _______with aging Urinary _________is common in males Slide 15.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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