1. Rhetorical Theory: A theory of Judgment Michael Vicaro

3. The Rhetorical Situation

6. A speaker

7. The Rhetorical Situation A speaker Faced with a crisis (exigency)

8. The Rhetorical Situation A speaker Faced with a crisis (exigency) Appeals to an audience

9. The Rhetorical Situation A speaker Faced with a crisis (exigency) Appeals to an audience Whose judgment matters

10. I.

11. Rhetoric is about Judgment

14. Greek Problems and Roman Problems

15. Ancient Greek communication problem:

16. Greek Problems and Roman Problems Ancient Greek communication problem: How citizens can arrive at collective judgment when they begin with different beliefs and interests and the right course of action is unknown

17. Greek Problems and Roman Problems Ancient Roman communication problem:

18. Greek Problems and Roman Problems Ancient Roman communication problem: How to transmit official declarations from the center to the periphery of a broad empire

19. A rhetorical view of Judgment Implies

20. Uncertainty

21. A rhetorical view of Judgment Implies Uncertainty Urgency

22. A rhetorical view of Judgment Implies Uncertainty Urgency Interdependence

23. A rhetorical view of Judgment Implies Uncertainty Urgency Interdependence Hope

24. Alternatives to Judgment:

25. Alternatives to judgment: Force

26. Alternatives to judgment: Force Submission

27. Alternatives to judgment: Force Submission Solitude

29. On Lies

30. Rhetoric that employs deceit descends into force, submission, or solitude.

31. Rhetoric, again, is about uncertainty, urgency, interdependence, and hope

32. II.

33. Rhetoric is about language

34. Rhetoric is about language and symbols more generally

35. But Bodies Matter

39. III.

40. Rhetoric is about the Audience

41. What we must assume

42. What we must assume- the audience possesses: Intelligence

43. What we must assume- the audience possesses: Intelligence Influence (their judgment matters)

44. What we must assume- the audience possesses: Intelligence Influence (their judgment matters) Hopes, fears, passions, ideals, empathy, shame, imagination etc.

45. What we must assume- the audience possesses: Intelligence Influence (their judgment matters) Hopes, fears, passions, ideals, empathy, shame, imagination, etc. Pasts and futures

46. What we must assume- the audience possesses: Intelligence Influence (their judgment matters) Hopes, fears, passions, ideals, empathy, shame, imagination, etc. Pasts and futures Cultures, opinions, beliefs, differences

47. In sum

48. Rhetoric is about influencing the judgment of audiences on whom the speaker depends

49. As critics we can ask Who are the intended and untended audiences? What appeals are made to sway their judgment What alternatives have been excluded?