1. Patricia Dotson & Erika Conde ANXIETY DISORDERS: OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER AND CLAUSTROPHOBIA

2. OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER

3.  Causes  Areas of the brain  Hereditary  Signs and Symptoms  Repeated thoughts or images  Rituals  No control  Brief relief  Who’s at risk?  Childhood and teen years  Equal among men and women  Diagnosis  Obsessions and/or Compulsions  Excessive or Unreasonable  Time-consuming  Obsession Criteria  Persistent/Unwelcomed thoughts causing distress  Compulsive behaviors  Compulsion Criteria  Repetitive behaviors  Treatments  Psychotherapy  Medication OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER

4. Inherited Factors: 1.No specific genes have been discovered Obsessive-compulsive disorder: An information guide ( © 2001 CAMH) Inherited Factors: 1.No specific genes have been discovered Obsessive-compulsive disorder: An information guide ( © 2001 CAMH) Constitutional (biological) Vulnerability Psychiatric Outcome: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Cognitive Factors: 1.Obsessions 2.Compulsions 3.Time-consuming Rituals 4.Exaggerated Responsibility Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Unearthing a Hidden Problem – Sayegh, Bea, Angelopoulos Cognitive Factors: 1.Obsessions 2.Compulsions 3.Time-consuming Rituals 4.Exaggerated Responsibility Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Unearthing a Hidden Problem – Sayegh, Bea, Angelopoulos Stress (Sociocultural Factors): 1.Emotional stress, such as new job or ending a relationship 2.Life Events Obsessive-compulsive disorder: An information guide ( © 2001 CAMH) Stress (Sociocultural Factors): 1.Emotional stress, such as new job or ending a relationship 2.Life Events Obsessive-compulsive disorder: An information guide ( © 2001 CAMH) Neuromaturational Factors (Biological): 1.Levels of Serotonin 2.Brain Activity – caudate nucleus, prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Unearthing a Hidden Problem – Sayegh, Bea, Angelopoulos Neuromaturational Factors (Biological): 1.Levels of Serotonin 2.Brain Activity – caudate nucleus, prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Unearthing a Hidden Problem – Sayegh, Bea, Angelopoulos

5. CLAUSTROPHOBIA

6.  Causes  Childhood Trauma  Classical Conditioning  Smaller Amygdala  Prepared Phobia  Signs and Symptoms  Hyperventilation  Panic Attacks  Sweating  Who’s at risk?  Children/teens  Diagnosis  Claustrophobia Questionnaire  Claustrophobia Scale  Treatments  CBT (Cognitive Behavior Therapy)  Drug Therapy  Relaxation Exercises  Alternative/Natural medicines CLAUSTROPHOBIA

7. http://www.me dicalnewstoday. com/articles/3 7062.php VIDEO

8. Inherited Factors: 1.Family History 2.Evolutionary survival mechanism 3.History of nervousness Murphy & JA Brunberg (1997): anxiety and sedation in MRI Inherited Factors: 1.Family History 2.Evolutionary survival mechanism 3.History of nervousness Murphy & JA Brunberg (1997): anxiety and sedation in MRI Constitutional (biological) Vulnerability Psychiatric Outcome: Claustrophobia Cognitive Factors: 1.Perceived absence of control Claustrophobia in MRI: the role of cognitions (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Cognitive Factors: 1.Perceived absence of control Claustrophobia in MRI: the role of cognitions (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Stress (Sociocultural Factors): 1.Associated with confinement/restriction- generally coincides the fear of suffocation 2.Result of traumatic or unpleasant experiences (panic attacks) Murphy & JA Brunberg (1997): anxiety and sedation in MRI Stress (Sociocultural Factors): 1.Associated with confinement/restriction- generally coincides the fear of suffocation 2.Result of traumatic or unpleasant experiences (panic attacks) Murphy & JA Brunberg (1997): anxiety and sedation in MRI Neuromaturational Factors (Biological): 1.Certain Brain Functions affect the onset of anxiety disorders 2.Lower levels of GABA 3. RRP Theory 4. Amygdala dysfunction Neuromaturational Factors (Biological): 1.Certain Brain Functions affect the onset of anxiety disorders 2.Lower levels of GABA 3. RRP Theory 4. Amygdala dysfunction

9.  http://www.ccjm.org/content/70/10/824.full.pdf+html  http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0 890-8567/PIIS0890856709658615.pdf  http://www.camh.ca/en/hospital/health_information/a_z_me ntal_health_and_addiction_information/obsessive_compulsiv e_disorder/obsessive_compulsive_disorder_information_guide /Pages/ocd_causes.aspx#biological  http://anxietysupportcenter.com/panic-anxiety- disorders/claustrophobia/  http://www.epigee.org/mental_health/claustrophobia.html  http://www.bozemanskinclinic.com/rrp/claustrophobia.php BIBLIOGRAPHY